Carbo loading before a race?



DRS wrote:
:: "curt" <[email protected]> wrote in message
:: news:[email protected]
::: I have been low carbing for a while to lose a few, but now I do eat
::: carbs before I take rides over 30 miles. I find if I don't I hit a
::: wall and did get a bit dizzy once. That was enough of that. I find
::: for me YMMV, that if I eat a balanced meal with good carbs the night
::: before and during the ride eat a banana or some granola or
::: something, I feel fine. If I am just going to ride like 25 miles I
::: don't pay attention to what I eat much, just make sure I drink
::: enough water. I think this would be different for everyone. I
::: have heard people starting to carbo load 3-4 days in advance. I am
::: not sure why because it takes something like 24 hours for you to
::: digest food you eat +-.
::
:: True carb loading is basically for powerlifters who want that 101%
:: lift on competition day. Essentially you go low carb a week or so
:: before the competition and lift like crazy to deplete your muscle
:: glycogen. Of course, at this point you feel like **** and are as
:: weak as a kitten because you've got no energy, but then a couple of
:: days before the competition you go stupid on the carbs and if you
:: time it right you can achieve a temporary overloading of muscle
:: glycogen right on competition day. However, it's of sod all benefit
:: for endurance activities like cycling. Going stupid on the carbs
:: the night before a race or whatever is just building up your fat
:: reserves but you don't notice that because you work it off the next
:: day.

Actually, for cycling, going stupid on the carb like a PL will just get you
water logged and make you heavier for your ride (assuming you were LCing
before hand). IMO, it is better to consume carbs right before and during
your ride, you can you burn them as they land and avoid water logging.
 
"jb" <[email protected]> wrote in message news:<[email protected]>...
> Anyone here do this? What exactly do you eat, and when??


I'm a bit surprised at the replies. Let me recommend a book:

Sports Nutrition for Endurance Athletes by Monique Ryan

published by Velo Press and available at Amazon, etc.

The book is also very good at describing what is good nutrition in general.

Tom
 
On Thu, 13 May 2004 04:23:49 +1000, "DRS" <[email protected]>
wrote:

>"Badger_South" <[email protected]> wrote in message
>news:[email protected]
>> On Tue, 11 May 2004 23:50:04 -0300, "KB"
>> <[email protected]> wrote:
>>
>>> hmmm....can't say I disagree with you since I really don't know the
>>> answer for sure, but I know that I have recently read in textbooks
>>> that carbo loading helps store glycogen in muscles, and that for
>>> prolonged efforts, if your muscles run out of glycogen, cramping
>>> etc. will occur...
>>> I too am interested to hear what others here do..

>>
>> The trick is this...
>>
>> Eat the carbs, by themselves (i.e., not with fat or protein) and eat
>> them just before or just after the exercise. This will cause a rise
>> in insulin, but because of the needs of the body going into or
>> finishing exercise, the nutrients will be used to build muscle, and
>> will not go into fat storage.

>
>That's not possible. Muscles are built from protein. Carbs are the body's
>prime source of glucose. You take simple carbs immediately after exercise
>to spike your insulin, replenish muscle glycogen and inhibit cortisol
>production. The insulin will enhance muscle uptake of protein, thereby
>aiding protein synthesis, as well as uptake of supplements like creatine.
>Therefore, to optimise the post-exercise window (which, BTW, is greatest
>after anaboloic exercise), you want whey protein, because it is highly
>absorbent, and a 50:50 mix of dextrose (glucose) and maltodextrin, because
>together they promote the highest stimulation of the transport mechanisms in
>the intestinal lumen resulting in the most efficient absorbtion of macro-
>and micronutrients into the blood stream.


I agree with this, and I take whey protein for just this effect.

>> In between exercise, it's better for those predisposed to gain weight
>> (fat), to eat higher protein and good fat.
>>
>> Works for me.

>
>What's actually happening is that your body's energy buffering mechanisms
>are coping with your retarded eating habits.


Might be, but it got me from 270lbs to a muscular 200 in about 7-8 months,
with very little exercise (had an injury) and when nothing else would.

>> Just before a ride I will eat some small amt of carbs (couple pieces
>> of chocolate?), and finish with some diluted OJ. Then about two hours
>> later I'll eat the protein meal. Two or three hours after that, and
>> just before or after the next exercise period, I repeat.
>>
>> I have found that even sugar free drinks or chewing gum will often
>> suffice. I think in some ppl, the sweet taste can cause a rise in
>> insulin, and thus movement of nutrient into muscles.

>
>Insulin is produced as a result of increased blood sugar levels.


Insulin is produced in the pancreas. It is -released- by a variety of
stimuli, one of them being blood sugar.

>> Obviously, the converse is true. Beware of eating sweet-tasting things
>> along with fat, b/c you might be one of those that has an insulin
>> rise just to the taste, even in the absence of digestible
>> carbs/glucose.

>
>That's just nonsense. No sugars, no insulin.


Nope. I've read a couple studies that suggest that 'sweet tasting' sugar
free drinks can cause an insulin spike due to the sweet taste.

In addition I believe things like caffeine can also spike insulin.

-B
 

> Actually, for cycling, going stupid on the carb like a PL will just get

you
> water logged and make you heavier for your ride (assuming you were LCing
> before hand). IMO, it is better to consume carbs right before and during
> your ride, you can you burn them as they land and avoid water logging.


Generally Roger I would agree, from what we have read and maybe your own
experiences. I will say, I don't retain water if I eat carbs for a day. I
don't go out and eat a whole pizza....well usually not, but I don't seem to
have that effect of retaining water. Not sure why.

I really think carb loading may work for some people and eating carbs while
riding works for some and whatever. You really need to do things and find
what works for you as an individual. I think most people should eat some
carbs if they are going to do a longer ride. I road 45 miles today and am
on low carb and did okay today. I was cranky at the end. I could have used
a Cliff bar or something.

I tend to eat sushi the night before and eat protein and some carbs for
breakfast and I like a banana or a Cliff bar or something while I ride. I
don't like to eat too much while riding however.

Curt
 
On Wed, 12 May 2004 20:09:29 GMT, "curt" <[email protected]> wrote:

>
>> Actually, for cycling, going stupid on the carb like a PL will just get

>you
>> water logged and make you heavier for your ride (assuming you were LCing
>> before hand). IMO, it is better to consume carbs right before and during
>> your ride, you can you burn them as they land and avoid water logging.

>
>Generally Roger I would agree, from what we have read and maybe your own
>experiences. I will say, I don't retain water if I eat carbs for a day. I
>don't go out and eat a whole pizza....well usually not, but I don't seem to
>have that effect of retaining water. Not sure why.
>
>I really think carb loading may work for some people and eating carbs while
>riding works for some and whatever. You really need to do things and find
>what works for you as an individual. I think most people should eat some
>carbs if they are going to do a longer ride. I road 45 miles today and am
>on low carb and did okay today. I was cranky at the end. I could have used
>a Cliff bar or something.
>
>I tend to eat sushi the night before and eat protein and some carbs for
>breakfast and I like a banana or a Cliff bar or something while I ride. I
>don't like to eat too much while riding however.
>
>Curt


Within reason, this is the crux, IMO. Experiment if you must but find what
works for you.

Lots of nutritional tinkering works for me that doesn't work for others. I
do really well on a LC diet, when many get headaches and/or feel bad.

-B
 
> >Generally Roger I would agree, from what we have read and maybe your own
> >experiences. I will say, I don't retain water if I eat carbs for a day.

I
> >don't go out and eat a whole pizza....well usually not, but I don't seem

to
> >have that effect of retaining water. Not sure why.
> >
> >I really think carb loading may work for some people and eating carbs

while
> >riding works for some and whatever. You really need to do things and

find
> >what works for you as an individual. I think most people should eat some
> >carbs if they are going to do a longer ride. I road 45 miles today and

am
> >on low carb and did okay today. I was cranky at the end. I could have

used
> >a Cliff bar or something.
> >
> >I tend to eat sushi the night before and eat protein and some carbs for
> >breakfast and I like a banana or a Cliff bar or something while I ride.

I
> >don't like to eat too much while riding however.
> >
> >Curt

>
> Within reason, this is the crux, IMO. Experiment if you must but find what
> works for you.
>
> Lots of nutritional tinkering works for me that doesn't work for others. I
> do really well on a LC diet, when many get headaches and/or feel bad.
>
> -B


Interesting you mention LC diet and headaches. I confess, I get a headache
for about three days when I restart LC on about day 2 or 3 through day 4 or
5 and I really don't feel all that great. Then it goes away and I start
really feeling good. I suspect that many people start feeling bad for a
couple of days and go off the diet and say...I hate LC. The reason I say
this is because I have seen what people do on diets. They are not very
strict and they look for an excuse to quite. I should know, I was one of
them for years.

On the other hand, I am sure there are people that don't do well on LC.
There is no doubt people are different.
Curt
 
On Wed, 12 May 2004 21:45:50 GMT, "curt" <[email protected]> wrote:

>> Within reason, this is the crux, IMO. Experiment if you must but find what
>> works for you.
>>
>> Lots of nutritional tinkering works for me that doesn't work for others. I
>> do really well on a LC diet, when many get headaches and/or feel bad.
>>
>> -B

>
>Interesting you mention LC diet and headaches. I confess, I get a headache
>for about three days when I restart LC on about day 2 or 3 through day 4 or
>5 and I really don't feel all that great. Then it goes away and I start
>really feeling good. I suspect that many people start feeling bad for a
>couple of days and go off the diet and say...I hate LC. The reason I say
>this is because I have seen what people do on diets. They are not very
>strict and they look for an excuse to quite. I should know, I was one of
>them for years.
>
>On the other hand, I am sure there are people that don't do well on LC.
>There is no doubt people are different.
>Curt


I remember years ago reading about how bodybuilders got 'cut' for
competition, and wondering how in the world they were able to eat boiled
chicken, rinsed tunafish, and protein drinks and little else.

At the time, I was ruled by the food, and felt I was weak for not being
able to lose weight, or diet, or cut the subcutaneous fat, etc.

It was surprising as hell to discover the trick was to do what the Atkins
ppl call 'induction' where you go on a mostly protein diet for about 6-10
days to purge the carbs out of your system.

It was amazing. After about day 7 or 8 I no longer had -any- desire to eat
carbs, and _I_ controlled the diet. I decided intellectually (duh) what to
eat, and could fast or do whatever the heck I wanted to and the fat weight
just came flying off. At this point I decided I was a carb addict, and it
was the endorphin rush and the use of food as a drug that had me hooked. I
had hated that. I went for about 6 months eating no overt carbs. Of course
you get a fair amount of 'hidden', or non-obvious carbs; in milk, in
cheese, in processed meat and soforth, but I'm pretty sure I kept it below
20grams per day.

It's really a 'high' for me. I need less sleep, don't get tired or sleepy
during the day, and have a lot of energy. People say that's nuts, you need
carbs and whatever, but in my case I seemed to thrive. What I really liked
was being in 'control' of the food, and not the other way around.

Now I'm at a point where I 'decide' to have some carbs, usually fruit
drinks and soforth to help me on bike rides over 45 minutes, and I'll
occasionally eat dark chocolate, or munch on some sweet tarts before or
after exercise, but mostly survive on turkey, salmon and green beans. My
wife says she thinks I'm some kind of mutant. heh.

Anyway, your body, your science experiment I always say. ;-)

-B
 
Thu, 13 May 2004 04:37:31 +1000, <[email protected]>,
"DRS" <[email protected]> wrote:

>Essentially you go low carb a week or so before the
>competition and lift like crazy to deplete your muscle glycogen. Of course,
>at this point you feel like **** and are as weak as a kitten because you've
>got no energy, but then a couple of days before the competition you go
>stupid on the carbs and if you time it right you can achieve a temporary
>overloading of muscle glycogen right on competition day.



http://www.poweringmuscles.com/running.asp?article_number=7
. . .
Researchers at the University of Western Australia have therefore
devised another refinement to the carbo-loading strategy. This one
combines depletion and loading and condenses them into a one-day time
frame. In an experiment, the researches had athletes perform a short-
duration, high-intensity workout consisting of 150 seconds at 130% of
VO2 max followed by a 30-second sprint. During the next 24 hours, the
athletes consumed 12 grams of carbohydrate per kilogram of lean muscle
mass. This resulted in a 90 percent increase in muscle glycogen
storage.
.. . .
--
zk
 
Rick Onanian wrote:

> Carbohydrates are a necessary part of a healthy diet. An unhealthy
> diet that's missing important parts can cause weight loss, which is
> why no-carb or no-[protein+fat+whatever] diets can result in lost
> weight.


Actually, the no-carb, etc. diets result in lost weight because they
reduce the number of calories a person eats daily. Any weight loss
diet is essentially a gimmick to get you to eat fewer calories.
--
terry morse Palo Alto, CA http://bike.terrymorse.com/
 
I am late on this thread too so....
Logic would seem to indicate eating a lot of protein right after a race so
your body could build the muscles with it.
Eating a lot of carbs the night before would seem to trigger your body
into trying to convert the excess calories into fat, not exactly the
intent.
Eating a huge, high calorie, high carb breakfast a few hours before a race
would put all that carb energy into your bloodstream at about the time it
was needed.
This seems to work for me, although I must repeat that I am 55 and hardly
traing for the TDF, but morning carbs, along with a gallon of Orange juice
in a backpack (not a camelback), and some food, energy bars or whatever,
makes a 70 mile plus ride a whole lot easier.
My take, but again I am just a semi-addicted rider and not a trainer. Just
45 years of riding experience.
Bill
 
curt wrote:
::: Actually, for cycling, going stupid on the carb like a PL will just
::: get you water logged and make you heavier for your ride (assuming
::: you were LCing before hand). IMO, it is better to consume carbs
::: right before and during your ride, you can you burn them as they
::: land and avoid water logging.
::
:: Generally Roger I would agree, from what we have read and maybe your
:: own experiences. I will say, I don't retain water if I eat carbs
:: for a day. I don't go out and eat a whole pizza....well usually
:: not, but I don't seem to have that effect of retaining water. Not
:: sure why.

Well, I generally weight train and do strict low-carb and get all glycogen
depleted...so when I carb up, I go carb stupid...not just eating a pizza,
many many carbs...and when I do, I can gain 10 lbs in at two days...I did
that last weekend...went out for a 41-mile ride, and could tell straight off
that I was carrying extra weight...for bicycling, that's not good. Of
course, those carbs helped me because I didn't have low blood glucose
aftwards (see below).

::
:: I really think carb loading may work for some people and eating
:: carbs while riding works for some and whatever. You really need to
:: do things and find what works for you as an individual. I think
:: most people should eat some carbs if they are going to do a longer
:: ride. I road 45 miles today and am on low carb and did okay today.
:: I was cranky at the end. I could have used a Cliff bar or something.

Well, you can eat carbs or not...but the point about carb loading, and where
it really makes sense, is if you plan to exercise intensely...so, for a
race, carbing up makes sense...for an endurance event like riding 45 miles,
extra carbs MAY not be necessary. In my case, I was experiencing low blood
glucose after my rides, so I've started trying to increase carbs. So, this
morning, I had 40g of carbs before my ride...that seemed to help. I'm going
to try to increase carbs just on the day of the ride and NOT do major
weight-lifting style carb ups for bicycling...

::
:: I tend to eat sushi the night before and eat protein and some carbs
:: for breakfast and I like a banana or a Cliff bar or something while
:: I ride. I don't like to eat too much while riding however.

That sounds very reasonable to me....and if it works for you, I'd certainly
suggest you keep doing it.
I need to see what a Cliff bar is...that might be good for me once I get
over 50-miles.
 
In article <[email protected]>,
"Roger Zoul" <[email protected]> wrote:

> Actually, for cycling, going stupid on the carb like a PL will just get you
> water logged and make you heavier for your ride (assuming you were LCing
> before hand). IMO, it is better to consume carbs right before and during
> your ride, you can you burn them as they land and avoid water logging.


Carbo loading works for multi-hour endurance events, there are
studies to back it up:

"It's reasonably clear that a high-fat diet followed by carbohydrate
loading is better than a high-carbohydrate diet for
ultra-endurance.  In a crossover study (#291), seven competitive
cyclists had either 6 d of high fat and 1 d of high carbohydrate or
7 d of high carbohydrate.  On fat with carbo-loading they went 5%
further (equivalent to an 11% increase in mean power) in a 1-h time
trial on a cycle ergometer after 4 h at moderate intensity. The
conditions (breakfast, supplements, exercise intensities) were more
realistic than in previous studies, and a P value of 0.11 for the
effect is equivalent to chances of 94.5% that the true effect was
positive. The mechanism?  Probably glycogen sparing resulting from
fat adaptation, coupled with the extra glycogen from the day of
carbo-loading, because oxidation of fat during the performance test
was still high after fat with carbo-loading (#292)."
-- Athletic Performance at the 2001 ACSM Meeting

--
terry morse Palo Alto, CA http://bike.terrymorse.com/
In Excelsis Escendo
 
In article <[email protected]>,
"Roger Zoul" <[email protected]> wrote:

> Actually, for cycling, going stupid on the carb like a PL will just get you
> water logged and make you heavier for your ride (assuming you were LCing
> before hand). IMO, it is better to consume carbs right before and during
> your ride, you can you burn them as they land and avoid water logging.


Carbo loading works for multi-hour endurance events, there are
studies to back it up:

"It's reasonably clear that a high-fat diet followed by carbohydrate
loading is better than a high-carbohydrate diet for
ultra-endurance.  In a crossover study (#291), seven competitive
cyclists had either 6 d of high fat and 1 d of high carbohydrate or
7 d of high carbohydrate.  On fat with carbo-loading they went 5%
further (equivalent to an 11% increase in mean power) in a 1-h time
trial on a cycle ergometer after 4 h at moderate intensity. The
conditions (breakfast, supplements, exercise intensities) were more
realistic than in previous studies, and a P value of 0.11 for the
effect is equivalent to chances of 94.5% that the true effect was
positive. The mechanism?  Probably glycogen sparing resulting from
fat adaptation, coupled with the extra glycogen from the day of
carbo-loading, because oxidation of fat during the performance test
was still high after fat with carbo-loading (#292)."
-- Athletic Performance at the 2001 ACSM Meeting

--
terry morse Palo Alto, CA http://bike.terrymorse.com/
In Excelsis Escendo
 
DRS wrote:
:: "Rick Onanian" <[email protected]> wrote in message
:: news:[email protected]
::: On Wed, 12 May 2004 02:28:55 GMT, "carbo_jim"
::: <[email protected]> wrote:
:::: It is a know fact that carbs are poisonous to humans, hence the
:::: atkins revolution.
:::
::: This propaganda is unfortunately foisted on those whose ignorance
::: will allow it.
:::
::: Carbohydrates are a necessary part of a healthy diet.
::
:: Complex carbohydrates are a necesary part of a healthy diet. It's
:: possible to live quite well without simple sugars.
::
::: An unhealthy
::: diet that's missing important parts can cause weight loss, which is
::: why no-carb or no-[protein+fat+whatever] diets can result in lost
::: weight.
::
:: Er, no. Weight loss only occurs when energy out > energy in. The
:: reason Atkins and similar diets work is primarily because high
:: protein diets suppress appetite more than other kinds, so even
:: though people are theoretically allowed to eat as much as they want
:: (within reason) they simply end up reducing their calorific intake
:: below their maintenance levels naturally.

Atkins is not a high protein diet...it is a high fat diet. The lack of
carbs is what suppresses appetite, not protein.
 
Terry Morse wrote:
:: In article <[email protected]>,
:: "Roger Zoul" <[email protected]> wrote:
::
::: Actually, for cycling, going stupid on the carb like a PL will just
::: get you water logged and make you heavier for your ride (assuming
::: you were LCing before hand). IMO, it is better to consume carbs
::: right before and during your ride, you can you burn them as they
::: land and avoid water logging.
::
:: Carbo loading works for multi-hour endurance events, there are
:: studies to back it up:

Your study is talking about greater intensity, which is what I'm talking
about. If you're racing or trying to finish faster, then carbs help. If
you're not concerned about time, then you don't necessarily need those
carbs...

::
:: "It's reasonably clear that a high-fat diet followed by carbohydrate
:: loading is better than a high-carbohydrate diet for
:: ultra-endurance. In a crossover study (#291), seven competitive
:: cyclists had either 6 d of high fat and 1 d of high carbohydrate or
:: 7 d of high carbohydrate. On fat with carbo-loading they went 5%
:: further (equivalent to an 11% increase in mean power) in a 1-h time
:: trial on a cycle ergometer after 4 h at moderate intensity. The
:: conditions (breakfast, supplements, exercise intensities) were more
:: realistic than in previous studies, and a P value of 0.11 for the
:: effect is equivalent to chances of 94.5% that the true effect was
:: positive. The mechanism? Probably glycogen sparing resulting from
:: fat adaptation, coupled with the extra glycogen from the day of
:: carbo-loading, because oxidation of fat during the performance test
:: was still high after fat with carbo-loading (#292)."
:: -- Athletic Performance at the 2001 ACSM Meeting
::
:: --
:: terry morse Palo Alto, CA http://bike.terrymorse.com/
:: In Excelsis Escendo
 
Terry Morse wrote:
:: Rick Onanian wrote:
::
::: Carbohydrates are a necessary part of a healthy diet. An unhealthy
::: diet that's missing important parts can cause weight loss, which is
::: why no-carb or no-[protein+fat+whatever] diets can result in lost
::: weight.
::
:: Actually, the no-carb, etc. diets result in lost weight because they
:: reduce the number of calories a person eats daily. Any weight loss
:: diet is essentially a gimmick to get you to eat fewer calories.

Not a gimmick....also, the diets aren't no-carb...

:: --
:: terry morse Palo Alto, CA http://bike.terrymorse.com/
 
Roger Zoul wrote:

> Your study is talking about greater intensity, which is what I'm talking
> about. If you're racing or trying to finish faster, then carbs help. If
> you're not concerned about time, then you don't necessarily need those
> carbs...


If it's a long duration event, you still should be concerned about
carbs. Muscle glycogen depletion is an issue on any long ride, even
rides done at moderate intensity. Run out of glycogen on a long
ride, and you'll know it.
--
terry morse Palo Alto, CA http://bike.terrymorse.com/
In Excelsis Escendo
 
Roger Zoul wrote:

> Terry Morse wrote:
> ::
> :: Actually, the no-carb, etc. diets result in lost weight because they
> :: reduce the number of calories a person eats daily. Any weight loss
> :: diet is essentially a gimmick to get you to eat fewer calories.
>
> Not a gimmick....also, the diets aren't no-carb...


Yes, a gimmick. All diets are ruses to get people to reduce their
calorie intake. It doesn't matter what the diet is called: no-carb,
low-carb, low-fat, asparagus, Pritiken, Atkins, South Beach. Nor
does it matter what types of food you eat. If you reduce your
calorie intake, you lose weight. Plain and simple, even if the $40
billion diet industry wants you to think otherwise.
--
terry morse Palo Alto, CA http://bike.terrymorse.com/
In Excelsis Escendo
 
Terry Morse wrote:
:: Roger Zoul wrote:
::
::: Your study is talking about greater intensity, which is what I'm
::: talking about. If you're racing or trying to finish faster, then
::: carbs help. If you're not concerned about time, then you don't
::: necessarily need those carbs...
::
:: If it's a long duration event, you still should be concerned about
:: carbs. Muscle glycogen depletion is an issue on any long ride, even
:: rides done at moderate intensity. Run out of glycogen on a long
:: ride, and you'll know it.

Sure....but if the intensity is not huge, and you take some carbs as you
ride, you can complete. There are people here who do centurys on
LC....we're talking about carb loading...if you're not doing a LC diet,
you'll likely not even need carb loading if you rarely go anerobic during
your ride....if you're doing a LC diet, the chances are greater, of
course...and if you want to finish a long ride with a good time -- a
personal best -- then you might have to push it, then pre-event carb loading
along with carbs while riding would be a very good idea....since your
intensity would have to be greater during the course of a ride.

The bottom line is that the greater intensity you expect, the greater the
impact carb loading will have, especially if you eat a LC diet...
 
Terry Morse wrote:
:: Roger Zoul wrote:
::
::: Terry Morse wrote:
:::::
::::: Actually, the no-carb, etc. diets result in lost weight because
::::: they reduce the number of calories a person eats daily. Any
::::: weight loss diet is essentially a gimmick to get you to eat fewer
::::: calories.
:::
::: Not a gimmick....also, the diets aren't no-carb...
::
:: Yes, a gimmick. All diets are ruses to get people to reduce their
:: calorie intake. It doesn't matter what the diet is called: no-carb,
:: low-carb, low-fat, asparagus, Pritiken, Atkins, South Beach. Nor
:: does it matter what types of food you eat. If you reduce your
:: calorie intake, you lose weight. Plain and simple, even if the $40
:: billion diet industry wants you to think otherwise.

How is eating to normalize blood sugar swings a ruse or a gimmick? Do you
know what these words mean?

www.dictionary.com is your friend...


:: --
:: terry morse Palo Alto, CA http://bike.terrymorse.com/
:: In Excelsis Escendo