Conjugated linolenic acids (CLNs or CLNAs) are conjugated 18:3 omega-3 fatty
acids present as major seed oils in several plant species including
pomegranate, bitter melon (bitter gourd), tung, catalpa, and pot marigold.
CLNs are more cytotoxic to tumor cells than CLAs (conjugated linoleic acids;
conjugated 18:2 omega-6 fatty acids).
Links and references:
Pomegranate Seed Oil Causes Breast Cancer Cells to Self-Destruct
August 21, 2001
<URL:http://www.ats.org/news.php?id=32>
Pomegranate Seed Oil & Bca Cells
<URL:http://www.annieappleseedproject.org/pomseedoilbc.html>
Pomegranate oil kills cancer cells
<URL:http://www.metimes.com/2K1/issue2001-37/your_world/pomegranate_oil_kills.htm>
Pomegranate Seed Oil Causes Cancer Cells To Self-Destruct
Breast Cancer
September 18-25, 2001
<URL:http://www.obgyn.net/newsrx/womens_health-Breast_Cancer-20010925-4.asp>
Pursuing pomegranates
Cancer Decisions - Free Newsletter -February 14, 2004
<URL:http://www.cancerdecisions.com/021404_page.html>
Longtin R.
The pomegranate: nature's power fruit?
J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003 Mar 5;95(5):346-8.
<URL:http://jncicancerspectrum.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/full/jnci;95/5/346>
Fatty acid composition and total lipid content of seed oil
from three commercial pomegranate cultivars
<URL:http://ressources.ciheam.org/om/pdf/a42/00600273.pdf>
Burton A.
Chemoprevention: eat ginger, rub on pomegranate.
Lancet Oncol. 2003 Dec;4(12):715.
<URL:http://oncology.thelancet.com/journal/vol4/iss12/full/lonc.4.12.newsdesk.27904.1>
<URL:http://www.biped.org.uk/documents/anticancer_movement.pdf>
Igarashi M, Miyazawa T.
Newly recognized cytotoxic effect of conjugated trienoic fatty acids on
cultured human tumor cells.
Cancer Lett. 2000 Feb 1;148(2):173-9.
<URL:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10695994&dopt=Abstract>
Hora JJ, Maydew ER, Lansky EP, Dwivedi C.
Chemopreventive effects of pomegranate seed oil on skin tumor development in
CD1 mice.
J Med Food. 2003 Fall;6(3):157-61.
<URL:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14585180>
Kim ND, Mehta R, Yu W, Neeman I, Livney T, Amichay A, Poirier D, Nicholls P,
Kirby A, Jiang W, Mansel R, Ramachandran C, Rabi T, Kaplan B, Lansky E.
Chemopreventive and adjuvant therapeutic potential of pomegranate (Punica
granatum) for human breast cancer.
Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002 Feb;71(3):203-17.
<URL:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12002340>
Suzuki R, Noguchi R, Ota T, Abe M, Miyashita K, Kawada T.
Cytotoxic effect of conjugated trienoic fatty acids on mouse tumor and human
monocytic leukemia cells.
Lipids. 2001 May;36(5):477-82.
<URL:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11432460>
Schubert SY, Lansky EP, Neeman I.
Antioxidant and eicosanoid enzyme inhibition properties of pomegranate seed
oil and fermented juice flavonoids.
J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Jul;66(1):11-7.
<URL:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10432202>
Iwabuchi M, Kohno-Murase J, Imamura J.
Delta 12-oleate desaturase-related enzymes associated with formation of
conjugated trans-delta 11, cis-delta 13 double bonds.
J Biol Chem. 2003 Feb 14;278(7):4603-10. Epub 2002 Dec 02.
<URL:http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/abstract/M210748200v1>
Toi M, Bando H, Ramachandran C, Melnick SJ, Imai A, Fife RS, Carr RE, Oikawa
T, Lansky EP.
Preliminary studies on the anti-angiogenic potential of pomegranate
fractions in vitro and in vivo.
Angiogenesis. 2003;6(2):121-8.
<URL:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14739618>
Vasconcelos LC, Sampaio MC, Sampaio FC, Higino JS.
Use of Punica granatum as an antifungal agent against candidosis associated
with denture stomatitis.
Mycoses. 2003 Jun;46(5-6):192-6.
<URL:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12801361>
ohno H, Yasui Y, Suzuki R, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K, Tanaka T.
Dietary seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acid from bitter melon
inhibits azoxymethane-induced rat colon carcinogenesis through elevation of
colonic PPARgamma expression and alteration of lipid composition.
Int J Cancer. 2004 Jul 20;110(6):896-901.
PMID: 15170673 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<URL:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15170673>
Noguchi R, Yasui Y, Suzuki R, Hosokawa M, [censored] K, Miyashita K.
Dietary effects of bitter gourd oil on blood and liver lipids of rats.
Arch Biochem Biophys. 2001 Dec 15;396(2):207-12.
PMID: 11747298 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<URL:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11747298>
Dhar P, Ghosh S, Bhattacharyya DK.
Dietary effects of conjugated octadecatrienoic fatty acid (9 cis, 11 trans,
13 trans) levels on blood lipids and nonenzymatic in vitro lipid
peroxidation in rats.
Lipids. 1999 Feb;34(2):109-14.
PMID: 10102236 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<URL:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10102236>
Dhar P, Bhattacharyya DK.
Nutritional characteristics of oil containing conjugated octadecatrienoic
fatty acid.
Ann Nutr Metab. 1998;42(5):290-6.
PMID: 9812020 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
<URL:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9812020>
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Matti Narkia