Originally Posted by hansenator
(1) The tip of my kneecap is definitely behind the pedal spindle. I have the seat adjusted just far enough back so I can take my hands off the handlebars without sliding forward. With the pedals parallel, I can take my hands off the bars and stand up without any dramatic weight shifting. (2) The handlebars are kind of a reach though.
(3) I think it's related to the seat tube angle. I think it puts the seat farther behind the pedals than many frames do. What's interesting is I needed to swap the seat post to move the seat forward enough but, on my other bike, I had to move the seat almost all the way back to get a similar adjustment.
(1) Could you PLEASE double-check that? Take a piece of thread, with a washer tied to the end of it. Use this as your plumb line.
Unless you have extremely abnormally SHORT femurs, there is no way your kneecap is behind the pedal spindle on a mass-produced bike (post-1972) with the way you describe having it set up right now. You need to use an actual plumb line, not line of sight!
Also, I noticed that you continually talk about center of gravity... and now you talk about getting up on the pedals without holding the handlebars without shifting your weight... I don't know who told you to do this, but it has NOTHING to do with proper bike sizing! So, please get that out of your head, throw that notion away - it is not pertinent, it is counter-productive and distracting from the real things you need to be looking at.
I repeat once again, third and last time - your weight distribution should be approximately 40% on the front wheel and 60% on the back wheel (and has NOTHING to do with standing on your pedals!)... I need to have weight distribution in mind when I design a bike, but you don't even need to concern yourself with that! The bike is already designed for that, including the seat tube angle and setback seatpost taken into account. When you move your seat fore and aft, with the play it has, you remain in the general ballpark, which is good enough.
You need to have a vertical line from your pedal spindle (axle) intersecting with your kneecap. A right-sized bike, with a normal seatpost (not straight - unless it's a BMX), will allow you to be properly positioned on your bike.
(2) If your arms don't reach, your top tube is too long. You can make up for that ONLY with a shorter stem (cheapest solution), or a bike with a shorter top tube (more expensive, but more optimal handling).
(3) I'm venturing to guess that your model most likely has a seat tube angle within normal range for it's intended use - I would venture to guess between 72 and 73 degrees. However, like I mentioned, I was unable to find the geometry on the web (plus I don't have the model year, so even if I found them for a new bike, they may not be the same as your's). So I'm just guessing. Please do let me know if you have more information that would contradict my assumptions, by providing a link to the frame geometry reference for your frame size and of the same model year.
I hope that helps.