My gut tells me the reach on the 105 and Ultegra are the same. Just took a quick look at the Shimano site and couldn't get any measurements to compare. The terms to describe what you are after are "short reach" caliper, "long reach" etc. and some manufactures make multiple lengths to accomodate for fenders, etc. (or at least used to). Racing frames typically took short reach and touring frames long reach.
You would want something like this: amazon.comB005QUICMWOpen ↗
Maybe someone else can chyme in regarding the higher end Shimano calipers but you definitely don't want to ride with brake pad making any contact with the tire. You may need to live with the original calipers for a bit longer.
Edit: I hope I am understanding you correctly - the thread title reads new brakes too long, but your description makes them out to be too short.