New paper: 60Hz b-fields shown to damage neuronal DNA



W

William J. Beat

Guest
Run out and buy low-EM lcd computer monitor?

From U. of Washinton "University Week" for Feb 12 2004

Exposure to low-level magnetic fields causes DNA damage in rat brain cells
http://admin.urel.washington.edu/uweek/archives/issue/uweek_story_small.asp?id=1661

..In a new study scheduled to be published in Environmental Health Perspectives: Journal of the
National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, the researchers discovered that rats exposed
to a 60-hertz field for 24 hours showed significant DNA damage, and rats exposed for 48 hours
showed even more breaks in brain cell DNA strands. Exposure also resulted in a marked increase in
brain cell apoptosis, or "cell suicide," a process in which a cell self-destructs because it can't
repair itself...

(((((((((((((((((( ( ( ( ( (O) ) ) ) ) ))))))))))))))))))) William J. Beaty
http://staff.washington.edu/wbeaty/ beaty@c... Research Engineer billb@e... UW Chem Dept, Bagley
Hall RM74 206-543-6195 Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195-1700
 
William J. Beaty wrote:
> Run out and buy low-EM lcd computer monitor?
>
>
> From U. of Washinton "University Week" for Feb 12 2004
>
> Exposure to low-level magnetic fields causes DNA damage in rat brain cells
> http://admin.urel.washington.edu/uweek/archives/issue/uweek_story_small.asp?id=1661
>
> ..In a new study scheduled to be published in Environmental Health Perspectives: Journal of the
> National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, the researchers discovered that rats
> exposed to a 60-hertz field for 24 hours showed significant DNA damage, and rats exposed for 48
> hours showed even more breaks in brain cell DNA strands. Exposure also resulted in a marked
> increase in brain cell apoptosis, or "cell suicide," a process in which a cell self-destructs
> because it can't repair itself...

Whoop-de-doo. I notice field strength wasn't mentioned (lemme guess, a few Tesla?).

New York City subway riders are subjected to horrendous
fields and transients. Why aren't they all braindead by now?

Uh, wait, maybe they are.

Mark L. Fergerson
 
William J. Beaty wrote:

> Run out and buy low-EM lcd computer monitor?
>
>
> From U. of Washinton "University Week" for Feb 12 2004
>
> Exposure to low-level magnetic fields causes DNA damage in rat brain cells
> http://admin.urel.washington.edu/uweek/archives/issue/uweek_story_small.asp?id=1661
>
> ..In a new study scheduled to be published in Environmental Health Perspectives: Journal of the
> National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, the researchers discovered that rats
> exposed to a 60-hertz field for 24 hours showed significant DNA damage, and rats exposed for 48
> hours showed even more breaks in brain cell DNA strands. Exposure also resulted in a marked
> increase in brain cell apoptosis, or "cell suicide," a process in which a cell self-destructs
> because it can't repair itself...
>
> (((((((((((((((((( ( ( ( ( (O) ) ) ) ) ))))))))))))))))))) William J. Beaty
> http://staff.washington.edu/wbeaty/ beaty@c... Research Engineer billb@e... UW Chem Dept, Bagley
> Hall RM74 206-543-6195 Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195-1700

That paper is not online yet, and the article had no real information in it. The same journal
recently published a paper evaluating all the epidemiological basis of the effect of low level EMF
which found no compelling evidence http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/2001/suppl-6/911-933ahlbom/ahlbom-
full.html

Given the fact that 20 years of research have found weak evidence at best, it seems surprising that
one 24 hour study could find a huge effect, and the article seems to indicate, but I'll wait to read
the paper - particularly the controls, myself.

-E
 
In article <[email protected]>,
William J. Beaty <[email protected]> wrote:
> Run out and buy low-EM lcd computer monitor?

Without field strength numbers, it's difficult to compare the information in the article to an
actual CRT. I checked my U. library's archive of "Environmental Health Perspectives", but the latest
issue on file (Jan 2004) does not include their paper.

Rick R.
 
Mark Fergerson <[email protected]> wrote:
> Whoop-de-doo. I notice field strength wasn't mentioned (lemme guess, a few Tesla?).

And the article even quotes the investigator as saying not to get overly alarmed by the results. I
suspect that the experiment is either playing games with peak field levels and/or wave impedances in
order to maximize the power delivered into the subjects. We'll see once the actual paper is
published.
 
Mark Fergerson <[email protected]> wrote in message news:<uvCXb.16954$IF1.10517@fed1read01>...
>
> Whoop-de-doo. I notice field strength wasn't mentioned (lemme guess, a few Tesla?).

Hmmmm. Sounds like weird psychological bias going on. There's two ways to damage your mind: be so
openminded that your brain falls out, or be so closeminded that the automatic sneering and scoffing
overrides any ability to reason. Type II errors aren't any less shameful than type I errors.

When an article mentions "low level 60 Hz magnetic fields," should we automatically assume they're
talking about multi-tesla? Then again, once a research paper has been filtered through a journalist,
the end result is often hilarious. Better wait for the actual paper. But note this part:

"Prolonged exposure to low-level magnetic fields, similar to those emitted by such common
household devices as blow dryers, electric blankets and razors, can damage brain cell DNA,
according to researchers in the UW's Department of Bioengineering."

Seems obvious enough...

> New York City subway riders are subjected to horrendous
> fields and transients. Why aren't they all braindead by now?

Fields at 60Hz? I thought they were DC, which would of course contain lots of impulses, but not
so much energy at 60Hz. The electric busses in Seattle are DC but certainly have lots of hundreds-
Hz fields, since you can hear the PWM controller noise on all AM radios anywhere near the
overhead cables.

Hmmm. If one data point is relatively easy to aquire, then lets see a graph of DNA damage versus b-
field frequency. A peak at any particular frequency would be very interesting. (And if they want to
learn anything reasonable, then they'd better be using 60Hz sine waves, not humongous 60Hz
impulses.)

The guys down the hall work all day in the fractional-tesla fields around NMR magnet dewars. Heh,
they're not exposed to much 60Hz from crt deflection coils, since normal computer monitors are
mostly useless in that environment, and they've all switched over to LCD screens.

(((((((((((((((((( ( ( ( ( (O) ) ) ) ) ))))))))))))))))))) William J. Beaty
http://staff.washington.edu/wbeaty/ [email protected] Research Engineer [email protected] UW
Chem Dept, Bagley Hall RM74 206-543-6195 Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195-1700
 
[email protected] (William J. Beaty) wrote:
> When an article mentions "low level 60 Hz magnetic fields," should we automatically assume they're
> talking about multi-tesla? Then

Actually, who is to know until they report the actual numbers? I have seen many people quoting
experiments as being low power or low tesla, and then after digging in to the actual facts I see
that the quantities weren't all that low after all.

Science requires an open mind but also a lot of skepticism, especially in the face of such
suspicious and contradictory claims about 60 Hz fields.
 
"William J. Beaty" wrote:

> Run out and buy low-EM lcd computer monitor?

Keep the monitor and computer box 100cm+ away from you, and the amount of EM you'll be exposed to
will be reduced down to a small fraction of the amount you're exposed to from sitting next to them
like most people do. Others may think you're very weird, but it makes it relatively safer.

Don't automatically trust LCDs to be low EMF either, some are not. Sitting up close to an LCD is
worse than sitting far away from a CRT monitor.
 
William J. Beaty wrote:

> Run out and buy low-EM lcd computer monitor?
>
>
> From U. of Washinton "University Week" for Feb 12 2004
>
> Exposure to low-level magnetic fields causes DNA damage in rat brain cells
> http://admin.urel.washington.edu/uweek/archives/issue/uweek_story_small.asp?id=1661
>
> ..In a new study scheduled to be published in Environmental Health Perspectives: Journal of the
> National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, the researchers discovered that rats
> exposed to a 60-hertz field for 24 hours showed significant DNA damage, and rats exposed for 48
> hours showed even more breaks in brain cell DNA strands. Exposure also resulted in a marked
> increase in brain cell apoptosis, or "cell suicide," a process in which a cell self-destructs
> because it can't repair itself...
>

While I'm still skeptical of this result, it occurred to me that if it is true, as stated, then it
calls into questions a huge body of research into cancer and DNA. AFAIK, it is not common practice
to control the background 60Hz EM fields for different groups in studies. For example, what if in
addition to getting, say, french fries, the test rats was also placed closer to a computer monitor
or low voltage power supply than the control group. If "typical" background EMF's really do have a
profound effect on the DNA, then it probably renders decades of research close to worthless.

-E

> (((((((((((((((((( ( ( ( ( (O) ) ) ) ) ))))))))))))))))))) William J. Beaty
> http://staff.washington.edu/wbeaty/ beaty@c... Research Engineer billb@e... UW Chem Dept, Bagley
> Hall RM74 206-543-6195 Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195-1700
 
Identity <[email protected]> wrote:
> LCD is worse than sitting far away from a CRT monitor.

References to validated, peer reviewed, repeatable experiments please.
 
In article <[email protected]>, Identity <[email protected]> wrote:

> Keep the monitor and computer box 100cm+ away from you, and the

That's impractical for the vast majority of computer users. And what is your evidence that it's
necessary?

> Don't automatically trust LCDs to be low EMF either, some are not. Sitting up close to an LCD is
> worse than sitting far away from a CRT monitor.

Evidence?

Given the low-voltage operation and lack of any magnets in an LCD, I am skeptical of your claim.

Rick R.
 
On Tue, 17 Feb 2004 04:59:41 +1300, Identity <[email protected]> wrote:

>"William J. Beaty" wrote:
>
>> Run out and buy low-EM lcd computer monitor?
>
>Keep the monitor and computer box 100cm+ away from you, and the amount of EM you'll be exposed to
>will be reduced down to a small fraction of the amount you're exposed to from sitting next to them
>like most people do. Others may think you're very weird, but it makes it relatively safer.
>
>Don't automatically trust LCDs to be low EMF either, some are not. Sitting up close to an LCD is
>worse than sitting far away from a CRT monitor.

My scientific analysis of that claim:

********!
 
William J. Beaty wrote:

> Mark Fergerson <[email protected]> wrote in message news:<uvCXb.16954$IF1.10517@fed1read01>...
>
>> Whoop-de-doo. I notice field strength wasn't mentioned (lemme guess, a few Tesla?).
>
> Hmmmm. Sounds like weird psychological bias going on. There's two ways to damage your mind:
> be so openminded that your brain falls out, or be so closeminded that the automatic sneering
> and scoffing overrides any ability to reason. Type II errors aren't any less shameful than
> type I errors.

By that standard, your brain fell out a long time ago, judging by what's on your webpages. ;>)

Seriously, it isn't that black-and-white. I agree there's a "weird psychological bias" involved
here, but not on my part. The article (I can't assess the paper as it isn't yet available) sounds
as if it's influenced by Radical Greens' philosophy. (Who else spends so much time and other
people's money ballyhooing the "hazards" of 60 Hz EM exposure?)

Perfectly rigorous logic will lead to perfect nonsense if invalid assumptions are input, as you
well know. The article (and maybe the paper) is a dandy example of a deliberate polemic.

<Your pages are just fine IMNSHO; AFAICT you don't make bogus assumptions deliberately or
unintentionally.>

I claim it's a polemic because of the part of my post about NY subway riders. If there were any
_observed_ deleterious effect upon that large a sample exposed to that kind of field strength
over the time span involved, there'd be good reason to take the article (& paper) more seriously.
Since none has been shown, I don't. But there's more as you point out:

> When an article mentions "low level 60 Hz magnetic fields," should we automatically assume
> they're talking about multi-tesla? Then again, once a research paper has been filtered through
> a journalist, the end result is often hilarious. Better wait for the actual paper. But note
> this part:
>
> "Prolonged exposure to low-level magnetic fields, similar to those emitted by such common
> household devices as blow dryers, electric blankets and razors, can damage brain cell DNA,
> according to researchers in the UW's Department of Bioengineering."
>
> Seems obvious enough...

To me it seems meaningless without numbers to clarify what "low-level" might mean.

>> New York City subway riders are subjected to horrendous
>> fields and transients. Why aren't they all braindead by now?
>
> Fields at 60Hz? I thought they were DC, which would of course contain lots of impulses, but not
> so much energy at 60Hz. The electric busses in Seattle are DC but certainly have lots of hundreds-
> Hz fields, since you can hear the PWM controller noise on all AM radios anywhere near the
> overhead cables.

Why should 60 Hz be especially dangerous? We've all been immersed in a low-level (whatever what
that means) 60 Hz field for generations. We've all been exposed to much stronger, local fields
every time we use an appliance.

> Hmmm. If one data point is relatively easy to aquire, then lets see a graph of DNA damage versus
> b-field frequency. A peak at any particular frequency would be very interesting.

Agreed, but I see no evidence of that kind of broad thinking in the article. The focus is on a
specifically Radical-Green agenda point.

> (And if they want to learn anything reasonable, then they'd better be using 60Hz sine waves, not
> humongous 60Hz impulses.)

Why not both? Why not the whole accessible spectrum, at
all possible power levels, in all feasible waveforms? If the
paper isn't a polemic, the authors should be willing to show
that they looked for data that could falsify their thesis.

> The guys down the hall work all day in the fractional-tesla fields around NMR magnet dewars. Heh,
> they're not exposed to much 60Hz from crt deflection coils, since normal computer monitors are
> mostly useless in that environment, and they've all switched over to LCD screens.

How about generations of 60 Hz powerplant and powerline workers? Where're the supporting
statistics to show their allegedly damaged DNA?

How about all us amateur scientists who spend large fractions of our days "too close" to sources
of the kinds of fields the article damns?

If the paper claims to quantize something, there ought to be an _observed_ gross effect to
quantize. Where is it?

Is it closedmindedness to want to see evidence of a
phenomenon before accepting analyses of it at face value?

Mark L. Fergerson
 
EjP <[email protected]> wrote in message news:<[email protected]>...

> The same journal recently published a paper evaluating all the epidemiological basis of the effect
> of low level EMF which found no compelling evidence http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/2001/suppl-6/911-933ahlbom/ahlbom-
> full.html

Thanks for that link!

I searched and found the abstract of the new DNA paper on the same site:

http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2004/6355/abstract.pdf

To detect politics, it might help to inspect the authors' personal sites and past publications:

H. Lai http://depts.washington.edu/bioe/people/lai.shtml

I. Singh http://depts.washington.edu/bioe/people/singh.shtml

Aha! Here's articles about a past controversy:

Jan 2004 http://www.microwavenews.com/jan04.html

Jan/Feb 1998 http://www.microwavenews.com/2-98story1.html

Google search: http://www.google.com/search?&q=%2Bsingh+%2Blai+%2Bwashington

1997 Naltrexone blocks RFR-induced DNA double strand breaks in rat brain cells
http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=272212&jmp=abstract&dl=GUIDE&dl=ACM

Lai 1998 NEUROLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RF EM RADIATION http://www.electric-
words.com/cell/research/laisingh/memory1.html

http://www.rfsafe.com/DNA_EFFECTS.htm

Research on Power-Frequency Fields Completed Under the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (1999)
http://books.nap.edu/books/0309065437/html/index.html

(((((((((((((((((( ( ( ( ( (O) ) ) ) ) ))))))))))))))))))) William J. Beaty SCIENCE HOBBYIST website
[email protected] http://amasci.com EE/programmer/sci-exhibits amateur science, hobby projects, sci
fair Seattle, WA 206-789-0775 unusual phenomena, tesla coils, weird sci
 
DOH!

Here's the actual paper:

http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/2004/6355/6355.pdf

The previous paper dealt with 1 to 5 milligauss for 2 hrs, the new paper deals with 0.1
milligauss for 24 and 48 hrs, plus treating with drugs to halt the effect by eliminating
destructive free radicals.

Heh. Don't rush out and buy and LCD monitor. Rush out and buy stock in companies making vitamin E !!

(((((((((((((((((( ( ( ( ( (O) ) ) ) ) ))))))))))))))))))) William J. Beaty SCIENCE HOBBYIST website
[email protected] http://amasci.com EE/programmer/sci-exhibits amateur science, hobby projects, sci
fair Seattle, WA 206-789-0775 unusual phenomena, tesla coils, weird sci
 
Mark Fergerson <[email protected]> wrote in message news:<%3aYb.320$7k3.128@fed1read01>...

> By that standard, your brain fell out a long time ago, judging by what's on your webpages. ;>)

Here's more evidence for that position:

Don't touch my Disgustoscope http://amasci.com/creepy.html

> Why should 60 Hz be especially dangerous? We've all been immersed in a low-level (whatever what
> that means) 60 Hz field for generations. We've all been exposed to much stronger, local fields
> every time we use an appliance.

Maybe not 60Hz, maybe just everything above ??5Hz?? It takes AC to wiggle your biomagnetite
crystals, or to induce small ion currents. It would be nice if the authors ran some control groups
with DC fields having similar strength.

"Dangerous" is the issue. Supposing that the results are supported by others (and supposing that it
works with human neurons, not just with rats,) what macro effects are produced by DNA-breakage in
neurons? Maybe it resembles accelerated aging. If disease isn't involved, what happens as your brain
accumulates more decades? Memory loss? If the brains of powerline workers and CRT-exposed web
surfers are aging prematurely, would anyone have ever noticed?

> Is it closedmindedness to want to see evidence of a
> phenomenon before accepting analyses of it at face value?

Nope. Saying "I won't believe a thing until I see some numbers" is sensible (even required.) The
problems arise if we disbelieve in advance, for example by assuming that the researchers used much
stronger fields than are common every day.

Suspension of premature belief is totally different than premature disbelief. Unfortunately both get
called "skepticism."

PSI suspect that much of the controversy arises because many insist that magnetic fields must have
zero effect on biochem. Yet there are studies about AC magnetic fields affecting melatonin, and
screwing up the action of Tamoxifen drug. The big fight may seem to be about disease and cancer,
but I see that underneath it is a fight over whether fields from 60Hz coils can have any
biological impact at all.

http://www.sciencenews.org/sn_arc97/11_29_97/fob3.htm
http://www.sciencenews.org/sn_arc98/1_10_98/bob1.htm
 
Ar Fai Ve <[email protected]> wrote in message news:<[email protected]>...

> I have seen many people quoting experiments as being low power or low tesla, and then after
> digging in to the actual facts I see that the quantities weren't all that low after all.

FYI, there's a table of milligauss in this article:

http://www.sciencenews.org/sn_arc98/1_10_98/bob1.htm

It doesn't mention ballasts from fluorescent lights. As a kid I was listening to AC b-fields with an
amp and a pickup coil from Radio shack, and the loudest 60Hz hum was in the kitchen, standing under
the fluorescent ceiling fixture.

(((((((((((((((((( ( ( ( ( (O) ) ) ) ) ))))))))))))))))))) William J. Beaty SCIENCE HOBBYIST website
[email protected] http://amasci.com EE/programmer/sci-exhibits amateur science, hobby projects, sci
fair Seattle, WA 206-789-0775 unusual phenomena, tesla coils, weird sci
 
William J. Beaty wrote:

> Mark Fergerson <[email protected]> wrote in message news:<%3aYb.320$7k3.128@fed1read01>...
>
>> By that standard, your brain fell out a long time ago, judging by what's on your webpages. ;>)
>
> Here's more evidence for that position:
>
> Don't touch my Disgustoscope http://amasci.com/creepy.html

Doesn't play in Netscape. (And since when are you sponsored by an underwear company, even though
it's kinda topic-appropriate?)

But I remember the Disgustoscope well- you're definitely my kind of weird!

BTW I've seen TV ads for handheld versions of the "vortex gun"; did you get a piece of them? You
should have, they showed several applications you disclosed on your site (which predate any
patents they might have).

Frinst:

http://www.alltvstuff.com/zero1.html

>> Why should 60 Hz be especially dangerous? We've all been immersed in a low-level (whatever what
>> that means) 60 Hz field for generations. We've all been exposed to much stronger, local fields
>> every time we use an appliance.
>
> Maybe not 60Hz, maybe just everything above ??5Hz?? It takes AC to wiggle your biomagnetite
> crystals, or to induce small ion currents.

Yeah, I know. I also know that not all of us have the same crystals in the same places, or the
same densities, etc. It may be a hereditary thing, but nobody seems to want to look closely
enough to find out for fear of the "racism" card, methinks.

"Above ~5 Hz"? Then consider the Schumann Resonance fields; they used to be assumed to be a
constant environmental factor but have recently been shown to be variable over long and short
timescales. Since we evolved in it (which is why it's considered not only beneficial but
essential by many), it seems reasonable that every lifeform from viruses to us have adaptations
to handle the kind of long-term exposure effects assumed in the (yet to be seen) paper.

> It would be nice if the authors ran some control groups with DC fields having similar strength.

I'd be less dissatisfied if they'd done anything other than the hasty, inflammatory job they did.

> "Dangerous" is the issue. Supposing that the results are supported by others (and supposing that
> it works with human neurons, not just with rats,) what macro effects are produced by DNA-breakage
> in neurons? Maybe it resembles accelerated aging. If disease isn't involved, what happens as your
> brain accumulates more decades? Memory loss? If the brains of powerline workers and CRT-exposed
> web surfers are aging prematurely, would anyone have ever noticed?

Insurers would have noticed right off the bat and started charging statistically high premiums
for such people. Unions would have complained. Social Security statistics would be skewed. Memory
loss or early retirements among electrical workers would definitely be noticed. That kind of
thing is newsworthy.

OTOH lab rats aren't exact analogs of humans. Higher mammals have more inbuilt repair mechanisms,
so even if damage occurs in humans it may be routinely repaired. Have the authors already
sacrificed all their rats? Did they do any long-term observations to see if the alleged damage
self-repairs? I bet not.

If self-repair is shown not to occur, we could all start wearing metglas helmets. ;>)

>> Is it closedmindedness to want to see evidence of a
>> phenomenon before accepting analyses of it at face value?
>
> Nope. Saying "I won't believe a thing until I see some numbers" is sensible (even required.) The
> problems arise if we disbelieve in advance, for example by assuming that the researchers used much
> stronger fields than are common every day.

"Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence". Especially when said claims run counter to
such things as the Schumann Resonance.

> Suspension of premature belief is totally different than premature disbelief. Unfortunately both
> get called "skepticism."

Can't help that. Also can't help my cynicism, but agendas drive a lot of this kind of "research".

> I suspect that much of the controversy arises because many insist that magnetic fields must have
> zero effect on biochem. Yet there are studies about AC magnetic fields affecting melatonin, and
> screwing up the action of Tamoxifen drug. The big fight may seem to be about disease and cancer,
> but I see that underneath it is a fight over whether fields from 60Hz coils can have any
> biological impact at all.
>
> http://www.sciencenews.org/sn_arc97/11_29_97/fob3.htm
> http://www.sciencenews.org/sn_arc98/1_10_98/bob1.htm

I'd like to know what mechanism is purported for these effects; AFAIK hormones have no magnetic
properties.

Checking the sources and references supports my cynical suspicions about P. C. bias.

Also note that the second article mentions the increased "risk" due to transients, as I mentioned
WRT NY subways. Graham says:

" ...it's beginning to appear that a field's magnitude matters less than its intermittency or
other features, such as power surges called electrical transients."

Granted, there's a rather high density of therapists in NY, but where's the pathological
evidence?

Mark L. Fergerson
 
Mark Fergerson <[email protected]> wrote:
> Also note that the second article mentions the increased "risk" due to transients, as I
> mentioned WRT NY subways. Graham says:
>
> " ...it's beginning to appear that a field's magnitude matters less than its intermittency or
> other features, such as power surges called electrical transients."

What gets me is how all this "research" is couched in such qualitative terms as "intermittency or
other features." If they say magnitude doesn't matter, then that means that the cosmic radiation
from the Big Bang is killing us all right now. And none of this research is able to identify a
process by which damage occurs. If someone says that DNA damage is happening, then they need to
prove it using an electrochemcial model. Just saying that it happens is wrong, especially when it is
counter to well established research repeated over the past hundred years.
 
On Wed, 18 Feb 2004 19:30:14 GMT, Ar Fai Ve <[email protected]>
wrote:

>Mark Fergerson <[email protected]> wrote:
>> Also note that the second article mentions the increased "risk" due to transients, as I
>> mentioned WRT NY subways. Graham says:
>>
>> " ...it's beginning to appear that a field's magnitude matters less than its intermittency or
>> other features, such as power surges called electrical transients."
>
>What gets me is how all this "research" is couched in such qualitative terms as "intermittency or
>other features." If they say magnitude doesn't matter, then that means that the cosmic radiation
>from the Big Bang is killing us all right now. And none of this research is able to identify a
>process by which damage occurs. If someone says that DNA damage is happening, then they need to
>prove it using an electrochemcial model. Just saying that it happens is wrong, especially when it
>is counter to well established research repeated over the past hundred years.

I disagree with your proposition that an electrochemical model is required. If they can show that it
happens, then it happens! Getting shot through the head doesn't kill you any less if a scientist can
provide an electrochemical model for the process of having your brains blown out!

Mind you, they *haven't* shown that anything happens, so it is a moot point.