I have a lot of problems with arthritis that are aggravated by the weather, but the only serious bike accident I had that caused injury was a few years ago when I broke my collarbone. And I don't mean fractured or cracked like my GP suggested when I saw him for a follow up. I broke it. There's nothing they can do for a broken collar bone accept fit you for a sling and recommend that you keep it as stable as possible. It has got to be the most pain I've ever been in outside of childbirth, and I was still up and riding my bike with my sling on less than ten days later. When it happened I got up and pushed my bike back to where I lived and just yelled outside the apartment building for someone to call 911. They had to cut my jacket off me, there was no way that arm was moving. That happened at the end of the summer and it ached like crazy that winter. So ya, if you've got old injuries its likely that they're going to hurt more than usual when its cold or damp but it will get better as soon as the warm weather reappears. That or you acclimatize to cold damp weather. I always find that damp, more than cold causes old injuries to flare up.
If you're wondering how I managed to break my collar bone in a bike accident, I don't blame you. It seems since it was a one person accident, a pretty hard thing to accomplish. I was biking back from a beer and wine store having done a favor for a neighbor in the apartment building I live in. He asked me to pick him up some cider since the beer and wine store was right by the Indian restaurant that I was going to to pick up a snack, so on the way back I'm biking with a plastic bag hanging off of one bar and a poorly devised take out container in the other hand. I'm biking along and I can't even remember how it is I started to fall but I did and I was determined not to drop my Indian food so like a fool I clung on to it and that's how I took such a bad fall onto my collarbone. My partner was walking by where it happened a few days later and the Indian food was still on the sidewalk but smeared. He said "Ewww, looks like you slipped in somebodies puke, no wonder you fell." I was so embarrassed that it was my Indian food that I just started to laugh and laugh. He never knew why I always laugh when I go by there now. I don't either come to think of it. It wasn't funny.