Lots of folks have reported that their power recorded off road during races does not come close to what they can do on the road - reasonably deducting that there is something about off road riding that is not detected by one's powermeter. There is a study referenced in 6 Feb 2006 Velonews by Keith Fritz and Gig Leadbetter where they attempted VO2 max studies in the lab on a trainer and in the field on mountain bikes and found a slightly greater demand in the field but it was not statistically signficant. I could not find this on pubmed but maybe I used the wrong search terms.