My girl friend didn't believe me that going from a MTB (which had slicks) to a road bike would make a big difference........but I was proved right (again.....)
Aero dynamics and rolling resistance of road wheels is vastly better. The high pressure tyres make getting upto 30kph (19mph) a breeze for a fit cyclist, and the extra aero advantage of less frontal area, and in most cases less spokes, means pushing on past that point to higher speeds becomes viable.
If you look at places in north western europe you'll see most people ride 700C wheels on thier commuter bikes. If it wasn't smoother and faster everybody would have changes decades ago.
MTBs have smaller diameter wheels for handling and weight advantages (for a given tread). However there is a growing fashion for 700c or 29" MTBs which suit some trails and conditions (ie not too much braking and accelerating on bumpy but not wheel destroying trails).