Beastt said:
Never before in all of your posts, BiochemGuy, could I or would I have said this and I realize that with your substantial knowledge regarding diet I may be on a precarious balance here but I have to disagree with your assessment.
Study - Calcium Intake - Change in Calcium Balance - Change in Calcium Balance
---------(milligrams) --- with a low Protein Diet --- With a high Protein Diet
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
No. 1 ....... 500 ................. +31 ....................... -120
No. 2 ....... 500 ................. +24 ....................... -116
No. 3 ....... 800 ................. +12 ....................... -85
No. 4 ...... 1400 ................. +10 ....................... -85
No. 5 ...... 1400 ................. +20 ....................... -65
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Average ... 920 ................. +19 ....................... -94
(Study No. 1) - Anad, C., "Effect of Protein on Calcium Balance of Young Men Given 500mg Calcium Daily," Journal of Nutrition, 104:595, 1974
(Study No. 2) - Hegsted, M., "Urinary Calcium and Calcium Balance in Young Men as Affected by Level of Protein and Phosphorus Intake," Journal of Nutrition, 111:53, 1981
(Study No. 3) - Walker, R., "Calcium Retention In the Adult Human Male As Affected by Protein Intake," Journal of Nutrition, 102:1297, 1972
(Study No. 4) - Johnson, N., "Effect of Level of Protein Intake on Urinary and Fecal Calcium and Calcium Retention of Young Adult Males," Journal of Nutrition, 100:1425, 1970
(Study No. 5) - Linkswiler, H., "Calcium Retention of Young Adult Males as Affected by Level of Protein and Calcium Intake," Trans New York Academy of Science, 36:333, 1974
These old studies are flawed due to their use of purified
proteins and poor testing methods. Studies using meat as a protein source show no calcium loss; except for a few subjects who had a small temporary initial loss in calcium, but their calcium balance quickly returned to
normal once they adapted to the higher protein intake.
Beastt said:
If you look at the extremes concerning protein intake, calcium intake and rates for osteoporosis, you find an indication that the common assessment that calcium intake can offset the affects of animal proteins, showing signs of error.
For example, African Bantu women average about 350mg of calcium per day -- far below the 1200mg recommendation of the National Dairy Council. These women average nine children each and breast feed each child for an average of two years. Osteoporosis is all but unknown to the Bantus who consume a low protein diet. Bantus who live in America and pursue the average American diet show rates of osteoporosis comparable to American women.
-Walker, A., "Osteoporosis and Calcium Deficiency," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 16:327 1965
-Smith, R., "Epidemiologic Studies of Osteoporosis in the Women of Puerto Rico and Southeastern Michigan," Clin Ortho, 45:32, 1966
The Eskimos consume 250 - 400 grams of protein per day, mostly from fish, walrus and whale. They consume an average of 2000mg of calcium per day, (from fish bones) yet they display one of the highest rates of osteoporosis in the world.
-Mazees, R., "Bone Mineral Content of North America Eskimos," Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 27:916, 1974
Granted these are simply two cultures diverse in many, many respects and therefore the strong possibility exists that a large number of factors not mentioned or studied may be coming into play.
Exactly, there are to many factors to confirm a cause
and effect relationship. I really don't see the point
of looking at thirty year old poorly controlled studies
when we have newer and better research on the subject.
Beastt said:
However, it does seem to suggest that there is more to offsetting the intake of animal proteins and the resulting change in blood pH than simply ingesting more calcium. This would seem to fall in line with the idea that the human body is limited in its ability to assimilate calcium. Consuming more doesn't necessarily mean you absorb more.
The food that we eat has an effect on our blood pH.
Acidic foods put an Acid-load on our blood. Alkaline
foods put an alkali-load on our blood. Our body has
has many ways to handle an Acidic-load or an Alkali-load
to keep blood pH normal.
Protein has an acidic effect due to certain amino acids
in protein being converted into acids. This puts an
acid-load on the blood. The body has two main ways that
it handles this acid-load to keep pH within normal range.
1) The acid is buffered in the blood by an alkali.
2) The acid is transfered from the blood to the kidneys
where it can be excreted in the urine.
Now lets take a look at calcium. Then we will look at how
an acidic-load from protein can cause calcium loss.
Bones always have calcium going in and out of them. Bones
have cells that put calcium into bone and cells that take
calcium out of bone. The calcium that is taken from bone
along with blood calcium travels to the kidneys. Once the calcium makes its way to the kidneys it is either
excreted in the urine or reabsorbed and put back into
the blood. If blood calcium levels are high, then the
kidneys will excrete more calcium into the urine. If
blood calcium levels are low, then the kidneys will
reabsorb more calcium and put that calcium back into
the blood. Though the kidneys are limited to how much
they can reabsorb and put back in the blood, so their
is always some calcium loss, hence the need for calcium
in the diet.
Now lets take a look at how an acid-load from protein
can cause calcium loss.
As I wrote above, The body handles an acid-load from
protein by using an alkali from blood to buffer the acid
and by transfering the acid-load from the blood to the
kidneys. If there is an insufficient source of alkali
in the blood to buffer the acid then the kidneys have
to do most of the work in controlling the acid load. Once
the acid is transfered from the blood to the kidneys
the kidneys can't just excrete the acid into the urine.
The acid in the kidneys still has to be buffered by an
alkali to keep urine pH normal. The kidneys make their
own source of alkali.
Our kidneys make a large amount of alkali to buffer
acid. Though a very large acid-load can exceed the
amount of alkali the kidneys make. If this happens
then the kidneys will need another source of alkali
to buffer the acid.
As I wrote above, calcium makes its way to the kidneys
where it is either excreted in the urine or reabsorbed
back into the blood. Calcium is a source of alkali.
If the acid-load is greater than the amount of alkali
the kidneys have to buffer it, then the kidneys will
use the calcium in the kidneys to buffer the acid.
The calcium that is used to buffer the acid in the
kidneys is lost in the urine.
So, much of the calcium that would have normally been
reabsorbed and put back into blood was used to buffer
acid and excreted in the urine. This is how acid from
protein can cause calcium loss. As long as there is
sufficient calcium from the diet to replace the calcium
not being reabsorbed back into the blood. There won't
be a loss in calcium balance. This whole effect of
the kidneys using calcium as a a source of alki usually
dosn't last very long. The kidneys quicky start making
more of there own source of alkali and stop using
calcium as an alkali source. As I wrote above, the kidneys make a large amount of alkali. Though it takes
time for the kidneys to upregulate how much alkali they
make. So the kidneys will use calcium as an alkali
until the kidneys can adapt and start making more of
their own source of alkali. Once this adaption takes
place then calcium balance returns to normal.
As long as their is sufficient alkali from the diet the
acid-load will never be shifted to only the kidneys as
most of the buffering of the acid will take place in the
blood.
To sum it up.
For protein to cause calcium loss these things have to happen.
1)There has to be insufficient alkali in the blood that comes from diet resulting in the acid-load being transfered and handled mostly by the kidneys.
2) The acid-load has to be greater than the than
the Alkali produced by the kidneys, resulting in the kidneys using calcium as an alkali source resulting in
less calcium being reabsorbed back into the blood.
`
3) The loss of calcium that isn't reabsorbed has to be
greater than the calcium absorbed from the diet.
So for protein to cause calcium/bone loss a person would
have to be on a super high protein diet with low calcium
and insufficient alkali foods in the diet.
As long as a person is eating a balanced diet with
enough alkali-rich food like veggies and fruit then
there is little risk of protein causing calcium loss
since the alkali from the diet will buffer the
acid-load from protein in the blood. Leaving the
kidneys with little acid to buffer. If the kidneys
have only a small amount of acid to buffer then the
kidneys own alkali will be enough and the kidneys
won't have to go to calcium as a source of alkali.
Other things effect calcium loss as well. Phosphorus
causes calcium retention. This brings up the flaw of
most of those early studies that you posted. Those
old studies used purified protein as a protein source.
These proteins were purified and had all the phosphorus
and and sources of alkali taken out of them.
This produced an artifical result because real food
proteins contain phosphorus and sources of alkali
which help calcium retention. This is also why
studies that used meat as a protein source show
no calcium loss except for a temporary rise in
calcium loss that returned to normal in a short
period of time. The effect of phosphorus on calcium
retention can be seen in the study by Hegsted M. that
you posted above. Hegsted compared a high purified
protein intake with a high purified protein intake
plus a phosphorus suppplement. The subjects who
used the phosphorus suppplement lost far less
calcium than the subjects that used purified protein
alone. Though the subjects that used the phosphorus
supplement still lost calcium. This is due to the use
of a poor source of phosphous as a supplement.
Though this showed the researchers that phosphorus
has a great impact on calcium balance and that
the use of purified proteins are a poor choice
as a protein supplement because they don't mimic
the effect of food proteins that contain phosphorus.
Most of the later research used meat or milk as a
protein source. These studies showed no calcium loss
from a high protein intake.
Beastt said:
In regard to the aforementioned, IGF-1, this hormone may well affect bone growth but it also seems to have some other less desireable affects when consumed in proportions beyond that which nature would appear to have intended.
"Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), in particular IGF-I and IGF-II, strongly stimulate the proliferation of a variety of cancer cells, including those from lung cancer. High plasma levels of IGF-I were associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. Plasma levels of IGF-I are higher...in patients with lung cancer than in control subjects." -- Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 91, no. 2. January 20, 1999.
"Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is expressed in many tumor cell lines and has a role in both normal cell proliferation and in the growth of cancers. -- Cancer Gene Ther, 2000 Mar, 7:3
"The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is widely involved in human carcinogenesis. A significant association between high circulating IGF-I concentrations and an increased risk of lung, colon, prostate and pre-menopausal breast cancer has recently been reported. Lowering plasma IGF-I may thus represent an attractive strategy to be pursued..." -- Int J Cancer, 2000 Aug, 87:4, 601-5
Yes HIGH IGF-1 levels are associated with cancer. Usually
these people wih high IGF-1 have very high IGF-1 levels do to their genetics. IGF-1, like all anabolic hormones increases the rate of growth in most cells, including
cancer cells. This dosn't mean that normal IGF-1 levels
cause cancer. IGF-1 levels decline with age. Most women
at the risk of osteoporosis have very low IGF-1 levels.
Women with severe osteoporosis usually have lower IGF-1
than other women their age. Any effort to increase IGF-1
in these women is to try to get back just a fraction of
what they lost with age. A High protein diet and
weight-bearing exercise have both been shown to increase
IGF-1. Through a high protein diet and weight-bearing
exercise a 65 year old women might be able to gain some
of the IGF-1 back that she lost with age; she might be
able to increase IGF-1 to levels she had when she was
55 years old. Her IGF-1 levels are still low compared
to young people and what she had when she was younger.
Remember, high IGF-1 is associated with cancer, not normal IGF-1. IGF-1 or any other anabolic hormone could
increase the rate of cancer growth in someone who already
has cancer. Lowering the levels of these anabolic hormones may be a good thing in someone who already has
cancer. This dosn't mean that we should try to decrease
these hormones or not try to gain back a small percentage
of these hormones that we lost with age.
For instance, testosterone increases the rate of prostate
cancer growth. Exercise increases testosterone levels in
men. Does this mean that normal healthy men shouldn't
exercise? ofcourse not.
Insulin is also related to many of the cancers that
Insulin-like growth factor is. Does this mean that we
shouldn't eat carbs and that a low carb atkins type
diet prevents cancer? ofcourse not.
It's all about balance. If there is either to much or
to little of a hormone it tends to cause problems.
Beastt said:
Milk doesn't just increase production of IGF-1, it actually contains bovine IGF-1 which is molecularly indistinguishable from human IGF-1.
Protein is ofcourse made of amino acids. When protein is
ingested it has to be broken down into smaller fractions
of amino acids(peptides) before it can be absorbed. Our intestines can only transport single amino acids,
Di-peptides( 2 aminos), and tri-peptides(3 aminos) into
our system. There isn't a transport for anything larger
than a Tri-peptide.
If ingested IGF-1 will be treated just like a protein.
IGF-1 is a large peptide hormone made of 70 amino acids.
So there is no way that IGF-1 could be trasported into
the system. The largest peptide that can be transported
into the system is a Tri-peptide. If ingested, IGF-1 will
be destroyed and broken down into Mono, Di and Tri-peptides.
The same goes for insulin. Insulin is also a peptide
hormone like IGF-1. If Insulin is ingested it is
destroyed and broken down into Mono, Di and
Tri-peptides. This is why insulin has to be injected
to get into the system.