I stopped using glue on patches about 30 some odd years ago, so I have a lot of experience with them, and if they were only patches to get me home trust me I would have gone back to glue on.
I have a few patch kits from the LBS. They are Rema Tip Top high speed repair, glue-on patches. They have worked well for the little I've used them. Next time I get a flat, instead of putting a new tube in - like the bike shop advises - I leave it patched and see how long it lasts. I carry more patches if needed.
That grit stuff I'm not sure what that was unless it was the tube degrading from age, that's weird.
I suspect that whatever material they used at the factory, it wasn't mixed properly, or wasn't processed properly. The tubes were brand new. Deflated, they were no more than 3/4" in diameter, and expected to fill a tire 1 3/8" in diameter. That's a lot of stretching, and because they were so poor, holes just opened up in them. I wasn't aware how bad they were until I tried to pump them up, because the wheels already came with tires and tubes installed. And the tires looked like they were furry. There was no distinguishable tread.
A guy made a YouTube video of the same model bike. He put it together and thought it was wonderful. I commented about the problems I had with the tires and tubes, and he said he had nothing like that. Same bike, different tires and tubes.
I was raised up on pumps without a hose so I learned how to use them, so hose or no hose it doesn't bother me, but I like the hose type now that I've used them...
All British bikes came with a pump with a flexible hose, and they had a long stroke so a tire was filled quickly. Those pumps were mounted on the down tube. I can't say I'm thrilled with modern pumps with their short strokes, but they're better than nothing. I always use a floor pump at home.
I rode up on a young lady last summer who looked very experienced in riding and had a flat, she had replaced the tube only to rip the stem on the replacement tube from sawing with a hose style pump. So I took her old tube fixed the leak put back in and showed her the weakness of modern tube and showed her how to prevent ripping the stem, I think she understood it then. I even showed her how to pump a tire with a direct connect pump just in case in the future she ever got one.
It makes you feel good to help other cyclists. I stopped to help a young man, a few months ago. He had a big back pack on and was pushing his bike along. His rear tire was flat so I told him I have a patch kit to get him going. We turned his bike upside down and I pulled the tube out of the tire. Sadly, the valve stem had a split around it where it joins with the tube. I knew of no way to fix that, and there wasn't a bike shop or a Walmart anywhere around. His whole bike was in bad shape, and his tires had no tread. I felt so bad for him. We have a lot of pawn shops with bikes outside, and I would have bought him a bike had we been near a shop. It made me sad to have to leave him with his problem