Really skinny tires look racey. You have to use more air pressure with them or you'll pinch flat. Ultra high air pressures make the bike ride like a truck and it bounces around more on the road. Some people think that the harsh ride and bouncing around feel faster. Skinny tires have less frontal area so they are definitely more aero. I use 700 X 23 tires on my go-fast bike and 700 X 28 on my retro grouch bike and tandem. I use less air pressure than anybody I know.
For low rolling resistance you want a nice supple sidewall and a thin tread so the tire won't consume as much energy when it flexes as the contact patch moces around it's circumference. I've seen race-only tires advertised that were listed as lasting for only 800 miles. The popular puncture resistant belts are a negative factor relative to rolling resistance.
Also, if everything else, including air pressure, is equal, a slightly wider tire will have lower rolling resistance. That's because a wider tire will have a shorter contact patch from front-to-back. Since the contact patch is shorter, the tire has to deform less and consequently consumes less energy. However, since you have to run narrower tires at higher pressure to avoid pinch flats, my bet is the rolling resistance thing will equal out.
You can find bicycle tires with various degrees of puncture protection. Nothing is totally puncture proof. The more puncture resisting kevlar they put under the tread and sometimes in the sidewalls, the stiffer the tire carcus becomes. That increases it's rolling resistance and makes it harsher riding.
Kevlar beads are a completely different thing than kevlar belts. The beads replace steel wires in the tire bead. That makes it significantly lighter in weight and makes it foldable so that it's easier to carry with you as a spare.
As far as I can tell, all of the tire manufacturers distribute road tires that cover the whole range of characteristics. Everybody seems to have brands that they like and brands they avoid. The trick is to find a tire model that has the balance of puncture resistance, wearability and ride characteristics to match your bike and the kind of riding that you do.
Road tires will generally last around 2,000 or 3,000 miles. Honestly, I can't remember the last time that I wore a tire out because I generally get a sidewall cut that compromises the tire caseing before tread wears out.
