G
Gregory Morrow
Guest
It's STRANGE but TRUE, kidz...who knew...!!!???
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id...acterial-cells-than-human-ones&sc=WR_20071204
_Scientific American_
November 30, 2007
Humans Carry More Bacterial Cells than Human Ones
You are more bacteria than you are you, according to the latest body census
By Melinda Wenner
"We compulsively wash our hands, spray our countertops and grimace when
someone sneezes near us-in fact, we do everything we can to avoid
unnecessary encounters with the germ world. But the truth is we are
practically walking petri dishes, rife with bacterial colonies from our skin
to the deepest recesses of our guts.
All the bacteria living inside you would fill a half-gallon jug; there are
10 times more bacterial cells in your body than human cells, according to
Carolyn Bohach, a microbiologist at the University of Idaho (U.I.), along
with other estimates from scientific studies. (Despite their vast numbers,
bacteria don't take up that much space because bacteria are far smaller than
human cells.) Although that sounds pretty gross, it's actually a very good
thing.
The infestation begins at birth: Babies ingest mouthfuls of bacteria during
birthing and pick up plenty more from their mother's skin and milk-during
breast-feeding, the mammary glands become colonized with bacteria. "Our
interaction with our mother is the biggest burst of microbes that we get,"
says Gary Huffnagle, a microbiologist and internist at the University of
Michigan at Ann Arbor. And that's just for starters: Throughout our lives,
we consume bacteria in our food and water "and who knows where else,"
Huffnagle says.
Starting in the mouth, nose or other orifices, these microbes travel through
the esophagus, stomach and / or intestines-locations where most of them set
up camp. Although there are estimated to be more than 500 species living at
any one time in an adult intestine, the majority belong to two phyla, the
Firmicutes (which include Streptococcus, Clostridium and Staphylococcus),
and the Bacteroidetes (which include Flavobacterium).
For a long time, scientists assumed that these bacteria, despite their
numbers, neither did us much harm nor much good. But in the past decade or
so, researchers have changed their tune.
For one thing, bacteria produce chemicals that help us harness energy and
nutrients from our food, Huffnagle explains. Germ-free rodents have to
consume nearly a third more calories than normal rodents to maintain their
body weight, and when the same animals were later given a dose of bacteria,
their body fat levels spiked, even if they didn't eat any more than they had
before.
Intestinal bacteria also appear to keep our immune systems healthy. Several
studies suggest that microbes regulate the population and density of
intestinal immune cells by aiding in the development of gut-associated
lymphoid tissues that mediate a variety of immune functions.
The bacteria also appear to influence the function of immune cells like
dendritic cells, T cells and B cells, although scientists don't know the
precise mechanisms yet. And one chemical released by the bacterium
Bacteroides fragilis is capable of directing how the developing immune
system matures.
Further, probiotics-dietary supplements containing potentially beneficial
microbes-have been shown to boost immunity. Not only do gut bacteria "help
protect against other disease-causing bacteria that might come from your
food and water," Huffnagle says, "they truly represent another arm of the
immune system."
Of course, they can't protect against every onslaught, which is why we still
have to depend on antibiotics to rid us of some disease-causing infections.
But antibiotics don't just kill off the "bad" microbes, they wipe out the
"good" ones, too. That's why antibiotic use can cause diarrhea and upset
stomach: The drugs interfere with the balance of our bacterial flora, making
us sick, Huffnagle explains.
But the bacterial body has made another contribution to our humanity-genes.
Soon after the Human Genome Project published its preliminary results in
2001, a group of scientists announced that a handful of human genes-the
consensus today is around 40-appear to be bacterial in origin.
The question that remains, however, is how exactly they got there. Some
scientists argue that the genes must have been transferred to humans from
bacteria fairly recently in evolutionary history, because the genes aren't
found in our closest animal ancestors. Others argue that they may be ancient
relics from evolutionary events that took place early in our species's
history and, for reasons unknown, the genes were lost in these ancestors.
It's impossible to know for sure at this point.
"There remain to my knowledge no clear cases of human genes recently
acquired from bacteria," says Cédric Feschotte, a biologist at the
University of Texas at Arlington. "It doesn't mean there are none, but they
are not well documented."
One thing is for sure: our lives and even our identities are more closely
linked to the microbial world than we may think. Bacteria do a lot to keep
us healthy, and scientists are just beginning to uncover their valuable
secrets. As U.I.'s Bohach says: "We do not completely understand the full
impact of our bacterial flora on our health and physiology."
</>
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id...acterial-cells-than-human-ones&sc=WR_20071204
_Scientific American_
November 30, 2007
Humans Carry More Bacterial Cells than Human Ones
You are more bacteria than you are you, according to the latest body census
By Melinda Wenner
"We compulsively wash our hands, spray our countertops and grimace when
someone sneezes near us-in fact, we do everything we can to avoid
unnecessary encounters with the germ world. But the truth is we are
practically walking petri dishes, rife with bacterial colonies from our skin
to the deepest recesses of our guts.
All the bacteria living inside you would fill a half-gallon jug; there are
10 times more bacterial cells in your body than human cells, according to
Carolyn Bohach, a microbiologist at the University of Idaho (U.I.), along
with other estimates from scientific studies. (Despite their vast numbers,
bacteria don't take up that much space because bacteria are far smaller than
human cells.) Although that sounds pretty gross, it's actually a very good
thing.
The infestation begins at birth: Babies ingest mouthfuls of bacteria during
birthing and pick up plenty more from their mother's skin and milk-during
breast-feeding, the mammary glands become colonized with bacteria. "Our
interaction with our mother is the biggest burst of microbes that we get,"
says Gary Huffnagle, a microbiologist and internist at the University of
Michigan at Ann Arbor. And that's just for starters: Throughout our lives,
we consume bacteria in our food and water "and who knows where else,"
Huffnagle says.
Starting in the mouth, nose or other orifices, these microbes travel through
the esophagus, stomach and / or intestines-locations where most of them set
up camp. Although there are estimated to be more than 500 species living at
any one time in an adult intestine, the majority belong to two phyla, the
Firmicutes (which include Streptococcus, Clostridium and Staphylococcus),
and the Bacteroidetes (which include Flavobacterium).
For a long time, scientists assumed that these bacteria, despite their
numbers, neither did us much harm nor much good. But in the past decade or
so, researchers have changed their tune.
For one thing, bacteria produce chemicals that help us harness energy and
nutrients from our food, Huffnagle explains. Germ-free rodents have to
consume nearly a third more calories than normal rodents to maintain their
body weight, and when the same animals were later given a dose of bacteria,
their body fat levels spiked, even if they didn't eat any more than they had
before.
Intestinal bacteria also appear to keep our immune systems healthy. Several
studies suggest that microbes regulate the population and density of
intestinal immune cells by aiding in the development of gut-associated
lymphoid tissues that mediate a variety of immune functions.
The bacteria also appear to influence the function of immune cells like
dendritic cells, T cells and B cells, although scientists don't know the
precise mechanisms yet. And one chemical released by the bacterium
Bacteroides fragilis is capable of directing how the developing immune
system matures.
Further, probiotics-dietary supplements containing potentially beneficial
microbes-have been shown to boost immunity. Not only do gut bacteria "help
protect against other disease-causing bacteria that might come from your
food and water," Huffnagle says, "they truly represent another arm of the
immune system."
Of course, they can't protect against every onslaught, which is why we still
have to depend on antibiotics to rid us of some disease-causing infections.
But antibiotics don't just kill off the "bad" microbes, they wipe out the
"good" ones, too. That's why antibiotic use can cause diarrhea and upset
stomach: The drugs interfere with the balance of our bacterial flora, making
us sick, Huffnagle explains.
But the bacterial body has made another contribution to our humanity-genes.
Soon after the Human Genome Project published its preliminary results in
2001, a group of scientists announced that a handful of human genes-the
consensus today is around 40-appear to be bacterial in origin.
The question that remains, however, is how exactly they got there. Some
scientists argue that the genes must have been transferred to humans from
bacteria fairly recently in evolutionary history, because the genes aren't
found in our closest animal ancestors. Others argue that they may be ancient
relics from evolutionary events that took place early in our species's
history and, for reasons unknown, the genes were lost in these ancestors.
It's impossible to know for sure at this point.
"There remain to my knowledge no clear cases of human genes recently
acquired from bacteria," says Cédric Feschotte, a biologist at the
University of Texas at Arlington. "It doesn't mean there are none, but they
are not well documented."
One thing is for sure: our lives and even our identities are more closely
linked to the microbial world than we may think. Bacteria do a lot to keep
us healthy, and scientists are just beginning to uncover their valuable
secrets. As U.I.'s Bohach says: "We do not completely understand the full
impact of our bacterial flora on our health and physiology."
</>