Hello,
"Endothelial dysfunction: a comprehensive appraisal
The junction-associated actin filament system, known as FAU system, is
found in the intercellular space and its contraction and relaxation
controls the dimension of the intercellular space. In this way, it
regulates the passage of solutes and macromolecules between the blood
and the sub endothelial space. The Ca2+ concentrations, intracellular
second messenger and the common factor of the external function of
cells with intermittent or cyclic activities activate it, the energy
is provided by adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP). Pro-inflammatory
cytokines, reactive oxygen species, thrombin, platelet activating
factor, an increase of Ca2+ concentration in ischemic conditions, ATP
exhaustion and other toxic substances, alter the functions of the
junction-associated actin filament system and allow an opening of the
intercellular space and, with that, alteration of the endothelial
permeability. The FAU system is closely related to the intercellular
adhesion molecules, especially with VE-cadherine maintaining a balance
between adhesive and contractile forces. Both cyclic adenosine mono-
phosphate (cAMP), originated through the adenylate-cyclase, and the
cyclic guanine mono-phosphate (cGMP), generated by a Ca2+-nitric oxide
guanylate-cyclase dependent pathway, are second messengers that
stabilize the FAU system and counteract the induction of intercellular
separation, which is done through a Ca2+-dependent calmodulin.
Nitrates, behave the same way. Protein-kinase C (PKC) activation has
the opposite effect (Figure 2.)
http://www.cardiab.com/content/5/1/4 "
Above link provided detailed information on Endothelial dysfunction.
Can it cause altered/abnormal movement of insulin to extravascular,
transcapillary target tissues, expressing somewhat insulin resistance?
Role of Pro-inflammatory cytokines & reactive oxygen species, which
may be relating to VAT may be brainstorming in this regard as may have
increasing vascular permeability, probably purpose may be to increase
restricted insulin's transcapillary transport.
Best wishes.