Are shorter cranks beneficial for maintaining Zone 2 heart rate, and what exactly is the biomechanical reasoning behind this supposed advantage?
Is it the reduced leg swing arc that puts less stress on the cardiovascular system, or the altered pedaling dynamics that allow for a more efficient power delivery? Or is it simply a case of reduced muscle fatigue due to lower overall muscle activation patterns?
Assuming the benefits of shorter cranks for Zone 2 heart rate maintenance do exist, what crank length is considered optimal, and how does this vary between different rider types - such as those with longer or shorter legs, or those with varying levels of flexibility?
Furthermore, do the benefits of shorter cranks extend beyond just Zone 2 heart rate, and can they be applied to other intensity zones as well? And what are the potential drawbacks or limitations of shorter cranks - for example, do they compromise on power output or increase the risk of knee injuries?
Additionally, how does crank length interact with other bike fit parameters - such as saddle height, handlebar reach, and cleat position - and is there a specific sequence or protocol that should be followed when optimizing crank length for a given rider?
Lastly, are there any studies or scientific research that provide concrete evidence for the benefits of shorter cranks, and if so, what are the key findings and recommendations that can be applied to real-world cycling practice?