"Fred S." <[email hidden]> wrote in message
"]news:[email hidden]...
Quoted message said:I think that fish oil probably contains a lot of toxic
materials, accumulated during the fish's life in the sea.
Extracting all those toxins would probably be a very
expensive operation.
The partitioning process that separates the oils from the
flesh also removes metals, so there is no risk from e.g.
mercury contained in fish oil. There isn't any. It is true
that fat-soluble toxicants may be present, however, and if
that concerns you, there are brands which have had virtually
all of those toxicants removed. The original question
related to sardine oil, and being very low in the food
chain, sardine oil would not carry a large risk of
contamination to begin with.
Quoted message said:The benefit lies in the high amount of omega 3 fatty
acids.
Omega-3 fatty acids are not physiologically equivalent.
Quoted message said:Personally I prefer organic flax seed oil as a source of
omega 3.
Flaxseed oil is a good source of the eighteen carbon ,
thrice desaturated fatty acid (18:3), alpha-linolenic
acid. It has long been believed that the body would simply
elongate and desaturate ALNA to produce the essential
fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5) and
docosahexaenoic acid
(22:6), but that has been shown to be a very inefficient
process altogether. Moreover, there is a gender
disparity, with women converting somewhat better than
men. If you are male, it is reasonable to presume
virtually zero conversion of ALNA to DHA (see
abstracts below). Even lactating females, presumably
in their most enzyme-induced state, do not form
appreciable levels of DHA from ALNA.
In short, there is no valid physiological substitute for
dietary DHA. You must obtain it from diet, preformed, if you
are male. (Quote from first abstract: "Since the capacity of
adult males to convert ALNA to DHA was either very low or
absent, uptake of pre-formed DHA from the diet may be
critical for maintaining adequate membrane DHA
concentrations in these individuals."😉 The most convenient
source is fish, but there are is at least one commercial
source of algae-derived DHA, called Neuromin.
Quoted message said:Probably a lot less toxic material.
If the flax was not sprayed with pesticides, I suppose.
Quoted message said:Fred S. Netherlands
Lar
Br J Nutr. 2002 Oct;88(4):355-63. Related
Articles, Links
Comment in:
a.. Br J Nutr. 2003 May;89(5):739-40.
b.. Br J Nutr. 2003 Nov;90(5):993-4; discussion 994-5.
Eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids are the
principal products of alpha-linolenic acid metabolism in
young men*.
Burdge GC, Jones AE, Wootton SA.
Institute of Human Nutrition, Level C, West Wing,
Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton,
SO16 6YD, UK. [email hidden]
The capacity for conversion of alpha-linolenic acid (ALNA)
to n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids was
investigated in young men. Emulsified [U-13C]ALNA was
administered orally with a mixed meal to six subjects
consuming their habitual diet. Approximately 33 % of
administered [13C]ALNA was recovered as 13CO2 on breath over
the first 24 h. [13C]ALNA was mobilised from enterocytes
primarily as chylomicron triacylglycerol (TAG), while
[13C]ALNA incorporation into plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC)
occurred later, probably by the liver. The time scale of
conversion of [13C]ALNA to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and
docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) suggested that the liver was the
principal site of ALNA desaturation and elongation, although
there was some indication of EPA and DPA synthesis by
enterocytes. [13C]EPA and [13C]DPA concentrations were
greater in plasma PC than TAG, and were present in the
circulation for up to 7 and 14 d, respectively. There was no
apparent 13C enrichment of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in
plasma PC, TAG or non-esterified fatty acids at any time
point measured up to 21 d. This pattern of 13C n-3 fatty
acid labelling suggests inhibition or restriction of DHA
synthesis downstream of DPA. [13C]ALNA, [13C]EPA and
[13C]DPA were incorporated into erythrocyte PC, but not
phosphatidylethanolamine, suggesting uptake of intact plasma
PC molecules from lipoproteins into erythrocyte membranes.
Since the capacity of adult males to convert ALNA to DHA was
either very low or absent, uptake of pre-formed DHA from the
diet may be critical for maintaining adequate membrane DHA
concentrations in these individuals.
Br J Nutr. 2002 Oct;88(4):411-20. Related
Articles, Links
Comment in:
c.. Br J Nutr. 2003 Nov;90(5):993-4; discussion 994-5.
Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic,
docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in young women.
Burdge GC, Wootton SA.
Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton,
Southampton, UK.
[email hidden]
The extent to which women of reproductive age are able to
convert the n-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALNA) to
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was investigated in vivo by
measuring the concentrations of labelled fatty acids in
plasma for 21 d following the ingestion of [U-13C]ALNA (700
mg). [13C]ALNA excursion was greatest in cholesteryl ester
(CE) (224 (sem 70) micromol/l over 21 d) compared with
triacylglycerol (9-fold), non-esterified fatty acids (37-
fold) and phosphatidylcholine (PC, 7-fold). EPA excursion
was similar in both PC (42 (sem 8) micromol/l) and CE (42
(sem 9) micromol/l) over 21 d. In contrast both [13C]DPA and
[13C]DHA were detected predominately in PC (18 (sem 4) and
27 (sem 7) micromol/l over 21 d, respectively). Estimated
net fractional ALNA inter-conversion was EPA 21 %, DPA 6 %
and DHA 9 %. Approximately 22 % of administered [13C]ALNA
was recovered as 13CO2 on breath over the first 24 h of the
study. These results suggest differential partitioning of
ALNA, EPA and DHA between plasma lipid classes, which may
facilitate targeting of individual n-3 fatty acids to
specific tissues. Comparison with previous studies suggests
that women may possess a greater capacity for ALNA
conversion than men. Such metabolic capacity may be
important for meeting the demands of the fetus and neonate
for DHA during pregnancy and lactation. Differences in DHA
status between women both in the non-pregnant state and in
pregnancy may reflect variations in metabolic capacity for
DHA synthesis.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jan;77(1):226-33. Related
Articles, Links
Erratum in:
d.. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Oct;78(4):806.
Supplementing lactating women with flaxseed oil does not
increase docosahexaenoic acid in their milk.
Francois CA, Connor SL, Bolewicz LC, Connor WE.
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Clinical
Nutrition, the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and
Science University, Portland 97239-3098, USA.
BACKGROUND: Flaxseed oil is a rich source of 18:3n-3 (alpha-
linolenic acid, or ALA), which is ultimately converted to
22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, or DHA), a fatty acid
important for the development of the infant brain and
retina. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to
determine the effect of flaxseed oil supplementation on the
breast-milk, plasma, and erythrocyte contents of DHA and
other n-3 fatty acids in lactating women. DESIGN: Seven
women took 20 g flaxseed oil (10.7 g ALA) daily for 4 wk.
Breast-milk and blood samples were collected weekly before,
during, and after supplementation and were analyzed for
fatty acid composition. RESULTS: Breast milk, plasma, and
erythrocyte ALA increased significantly over time (P <
0.001) and after 2 and 4 wk of supplementation (P < 0.05).
Over time,
20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, or EPA) increased
significantly in breast
milk (P= 0.004) and in plasma (P < 0.001). In addition,
plasma EPA increased significantly (P < 0.05) after
2 and 4 wk of supplementation. There were
significant increases over time in breast-milk 22:5n-
3 (docosapentaenoic acid, or DPA) (P < 0.02), plasma
DPA (P < 0.001), and erythrocyte DPA (P < 0.01). No
significant changes were observed in breast-milk,
plasma, or erythrocyte DHA contents after flaxseed
oil suppleme ntation. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary flaxseed
oil increased the breast-milk, plasma, and
erythrocyte contents of the n-3 fatty acids ALA,
EPA, and DPA but had no effect on breast-milk,
plasma, or erythrocyte DHA contents.