In addition to the cantilever brakes you could also try the Tektro
Mini-Vs. These work with road levers and save you the bother of adding
cable hangers. The downside is limited clearance for large tires or
fenders. From the sound of what you are trying to achieve you can still
go with 1.75" tires or narrower. The Tektro Oryx cantilivers are also
available rebadged for Cane Creek and Nashbar (black only).
There is not much point in spending the money on disc brakes and/or
700c wheels. The only option that works with normal road levers are the
Avid mechanicals. These come in a road specific version. You can also
get the Dia-Compe 287-V road levers which have modern MTB V-brake cable
pull and will work with any MTB mechanical disc brakes.
You can use any combination of Shimano 8-9 speed hubs, cassettes, and
rear derailleurs you want. You can also mix in any 10-speed parts
except for the Dura-Ace hub with the aluminum freewheel body. I believe
8-speed Dura-Ace RDs have an oddball cable cable pull left over from
7-speed and will not work with any other parts. Note that the slant
angle of the MTB RDs is greater that that on the road RDs. This is
needed to acommodate the wider gear range of the typical MTB casette.
The cable pull is still the same for road and MTB, through, which
preserves the interchangeability. If you use the "wrong" casette with a
particular RD then you will experience delayed shifting for a portion
of the gear range. This delay stems from the mismatch in the RD slant
angle to the cassette. The mismatch prevents the RD from closely
following the cogs through the entire range of the RD.
My rain/winter MTB is set up with a 11-23 9-speed road cassette and an
Alivio RD. I have the B-limit adjust set so the jockey pulley is as
close as possible to the 11-tooth gear. The pulley is noticeably
further away when shifted over to the 23-tooth gear. This means that
the shifting is less crisp and delayed at the 23-17ish range of the
cassette. If you use an MTB cassette with a road RD you will experience
the same issues in reverse. While not a perfect situation, the delayed
shifting is not terribly noticeable and the mismatched parts work
pretty well overall. You wouldn't want to race on a bike set up this
way but it's OK for general purpose use.
You will be best off using the 105 derailleur on the bike but I would
use the LX if you already own it.