Cycling Equipment · Public discussion

CFRP drawbacks

Started by Email address hidden · · Last activity · 210 posts · 4,975 views

Thread navigation

Jump through the discussion

Go to the original post, the replies on this page, or the latest preserved contribution.

Thread details

What we know about this thread

Original section
Cycling Equipment
Published
6 October 2007
Last activity
17 November 2007
Original author
Email address hidden
Posts
210
Discussion status
Public discussion
Total views
4,975
Views / 30 days
0

The navigation and discussion metadata provide context. Posts remain in their original chronological order.

Showing posts 101–120 of 210
Posts remain in their original chronological order.

Text size
  1. Quoted message said:

    Perhaps it is becuase these plastic frames are not old enough (or break
    before from other causes) for such failures to show up. Brazed steel
    frames have been around for at least a century - not the method, but the
    actual frames.

    I'll go out on a limb here, and claim that there are far fewer brazed steel
    frames more than even a mere 50 years old, intact, than there are such
    frames that have failed. Does that mean that, because the evidence is that
    most failed, steel is a bad material to build a frame out of? I don't think
    so, but...

    --Mike Jacoubowsky
    Chain Reaction Bicycles
    www.ChainReaction.com
    Redwood City & Los Altos, CA USA

    "_" <[email hidden]> wrote in message
    news:[email hidden]...

    Quoted message said:
    Mike Jacoubowsky said:
    Quoted message said:

    >> It has rather a lot to do with the fact that it is steel. Brazing
    >> carbonfibre-reinforced plastic is not an option; that is the
    >> difference
    >> to
    >> which Muzi pointed as the reason he believed his frame to have lasted.

    jim beam wrote:
    > the joining method has nothing to do with it. if the cfrp frame were
    > as
    > over-built and under-stressed and spent most of its life propping up a
    > wall in the garage like the raleigh, it too would last a century. and
    > it
    > wouldn't fatigue. and it wouldn't rust.

    The adhesives and plastics degrade and outgas over such a time span.

    I have yet to see any evidence of that.

    Perhaps it is becuase these plastic frames are not old enough (or break
    before from other causes) for such failures to show up. Brazed steel
    frames have been around for at least a century - not the method, but the
    actual frames.

  2. Bill Sornson said:
    Chalo said:
    A Muzi said:

    Chalo wrote:
    > But in the meantime, that plastic trash has done its job parting
    > fools from their money, and that's all that counts to an outfit
    > like the one Trek has become in its publicly owned incarnation.
    "publicly owned"?? [censored] Burke sold Trek?


    Evidently not. But that makes me wonder why Trek went cancerous.

    Successful = Cancerous? She's not in office YET, you know! LOL

    Channeling Mark Hickey?

    --
    Tom Sherman - Holstein-Friesland Bovinia
    A Real Cyclist [TM] keeps at least one bicycle in the bedroom.

    --
    Posted via a free Usenet account from http://www.teranews.com

  3. Chalo Colina said:
    jim beam said:

    epoxys are used extensively
    in engineering - bridges, a/c componentry and architecture for example.

    Yes, I understand that the failure of the epoxy coating on steel rods
    was what caused pieces to fall out of the ceiling of that freeway
    tunnel in Boston.

    The examples I know of for epoxy used in civil engineering projects
    are anti-corrosion coatings on structural elements-- not as the
    structural elements themselves.

    And the evidence for the effectiveness of epoxy coating in preventing
    corrosion is not all favorable.

    --
    Tom Sherman - Holstein-Friesland Bovinia
    A Real Cyclist [TM] keeps at least one bicycle in the bedroom.

    --
    Posted via a free Usenet account from http://www.teranews.com

  4. jim beam said:
    Jambo said:

    "jim beam" <[email hidden]> wrote in message
    news:[email hidden]...

    Quoted message said:

    Peter Cole wrote:
    <snip [censored]>

    > Just show me the deformed CFRP & we'll put this issue to rest.
    you still don't get it. in structural applications, deformation /is/
    failure.

    What [censored]. Get that from your "metarials skool"? Tell us,
    beamboy: what about elastic deformation? Bridges do this all the
    time, so do buildings, and every other structure in existence. So
    buildings swaying in the wind is failure - [censored], abandon your houses,
    everyone, chicken little beamboy says they're failing...

    you moron. read what i clarified.

    Quoted message said:


    [censored].

    Quoted message said:

    you therefore want to push deformation out along the stress/strain
    graph as far as you can. that's what cfrp does.

    So "deformation = plastic deformation=destruction". Another brilliant
    re-definition of scientific terms from beamboy, the fraudulent [censored].

    see above. moron.

    Quoted message said:


    Quoted message said:

    and with better fatigue. and with lighter weight. for someone that
    purports to be an "engineer", you have a pretty damned scary
    inability to grasp basic fundamentals.

    Yadda, yadda, yadda...

    DLFF.

    Hypothesis: Based on writing style, "jim beam" and "Jambo" are the same
    person.

    --
    Tom Sherman - Holstein-Friesland Bovinia
    A Real Cyclist [TM] keeps at least one bicycle in the bedroom.

    --
    Posted via a free Usenet account from http://www.teranews.com

  5. Peter Cole said:


    Mike Jacoubowsky said:


    If outgassing and plastic degradation where an issue, despite the use of
    adhesives and UV inhibitors used in applications that suffer use in
    dramatically worse conditions than bicycles, then I'd start wearing a hard
    hat all the time in case various things up in the sky start dismantling
    themselves.

    I'd have to agree, at least with the currently used materials. Polyester
    and epoxy composites (fiberglass) have been around for a long enough
    time that degradation doesn't seem to be a problem. I have 2 40+ year
    old fiberglass boats.

    I imagine that GFRP boats are not stressed as highly as CFRP bikes,
    and that the resin matrix would have to deteriorate to a greater
    degree before it became a problem. There are not a lot of 40+ year
    old glued airplanes, bikes, etc., to use as a more relevant
    comparison.

    The only thing you can trust about resins is that eventually, whether
    stressed or not, they will break down. For folks who want to ride a
    bike for its first few pampered years, no problem. But the last who
    knows how many years and owners of the prospective service life of
    these bikes is truncated by the resin used to make them.

    Chalo

    Chalo

  6. Quoted message said:

    Staring insolvency in the eye, especially when management are pricipals,
    makes for great change. Trek is consistently profitable now.
    --
    Andrew Muzi
    www.yellowjersey.org
    Open every day since 1 April, 1971

    So you've heard [censored] Burke's "dark days" speech as well! I dunno... we sold
    quite a few Trek 613s and 614s during the year or two when we didn't know
    the company was on the ropes.

    --Mike-- Chain Reaction Bicycles
    www.ChainReactionBicycles.com

    "A Muzi" <[email hidden]> wrote in message
    news:[email hidden]...

    Quoted message said:
    Quoted message said:
    Quoted message said:

    Chalo wrote:
    >> But in the meantime, that plastic trash has done its job parting fools
    >> from their money, and that's all that counts to an outfit like the one
    >> Trek has become in its publicly owned incarnation.

    Quoted message said:
    Mike Jacoubowsky said:

    #1: Trek is not a publicly-owned company. It never has been.

    Chalo said:

    I believe you, but that's very strange to me. It is owned by private
    equity perhaps? Whatever it is, it's not the same sane and outwardly
    ethical company that was making lugged steel bikes in Wisconsin not so
    very long ago. It has undergone the same sort of transformation that
    changed Cannondale from a profitable, modest, and innovative American
    manufacturer into a grotesque marketing-driven mutant, and that _was_
    the result of taking the company public.


    -snip vicissitudes of age re:epoxy -

    Staring insolvency in the eye, especially when management are pricipals,
    makes for great change. Trek is consistently profitable now.
    --
    Andrew Muzi
    www.yellowjersey.org
    Open every day since 1 April, 1971

  7. Tom 'Johnny Sunset' Sherman said:
    Bill Sornson said:
    Chalo said:

    A Muzi wrote:
    > Chalo wrote:
    >> But in the meantime, that plastic trash has done its job parting
    >> fools from their money, and that's all that counts to an outfit
    >> like the one Trek has become in its publicly owned incarnation.
    > "publicly owned"?? [censored] Burke sold Trek?
    Evidently not. But that makes me wonder why Trek went cancerous.

    Successful = Cancerous? She's not in office YET, you know! LOL

    Channeling Mark Hickey?

    No, just listening to SOME of what she says. (As much as I can stand.)

  8. In article <[email hidden]>,
    [email hidden] says...

    Quoted message said:

    The epoxy that holds the fibers together will not last long enough to
    support your prediction. It's just not that stable. I have art
    pieces I made in college fifteen to twenty years ago which were
    assembled partly with epoxy, and they have fallen apart. Look at the
    original plastic bits on the interior of a twenty- or thirty-year-old
    car.

    My fiberglass boat has been out in the sun pretty much continuously
    since it was made in 1973. The gel coat is oxidized a bit, except where
    the cormorants got sick last year -- turns out cormorant vomit does a
    great job of cleaning the oxidation off of gel coat, who knew? But
    structurally, it's fine. And it's hardly the newest fiberglass boat on
    the beach.

    On the other hand, I've had fiberglass work I did myself fall apart in
    less than ten years.

    I suspect there's a huge variation in the quality of epoxy resins on the
    market, and in the quality of their use.

    I don't know if any epoxy will outlast a good steel frame, but I'm sure
    there are epoxies that will last 40+ years of outdoor exposure, because
    I've seen them.

    --
    [email hidden] is Joshua Putnam
    <http://www.phred.org/~josh/>
    Braze your own bicycle frames. See
    <http://www.phred.org/~josh/build/build.html>

  9. In article <[email hidden]>,

    Bill Sornson said:
    Chalo said:
    Bill Sornson said:


    Chalo wrote:
    >
    > No, Trek was a successful company before, according to appearances
    > anyway. But now they are the sort of company where the chairman and
    > founder can say asinine [censored] like the following:

    > "We're losing money in China, but not a lot. Eventually the Chinese
    > will have the time and the money to take up cycling seriously."

    > Charming, eh?

    Sounds honest and sincere to me. (Assuming it's true, of course.)
    Aren't "evil corporate types" supposed to lie and obfuscate at every
    turn?

    Perhaps you missed (or perhaps you agree with) the implication I took
    exception to, which is that Trek buyers are somehow "serious" about
    their cycling, whereas Chinese who cycle in much greater numbers and
    for transportation, and who don't buy enough Treks to make that
    company a profit, are somehow not serious.

    The fact that a gigantic nation of accustomed and experienced cyclists
    can't find much use for Trek's products at Trek's asking prices speaks
    for itself, I think.

    Well, this is the first time I've read or considered that quote, so perhaps
    you're right. Just seems to me that he was giving an honest assessment of a
    MARKET, rather than commentary on WORTHINESS.

    If Trek used their manufacturing clout to flood China with really cheap
    BSOs, what would you say then? Are they providing a service (cheap bikes
    for the needy masses) or just manipulating and dominating a marketplace?

    Perhaps they can't win with you.

    China has always been able to flood itself with
    working bicycles. They have produced enough
    to fill the city streets with a endless stream.

    --
    Michael Press

  10. In article
    <[email hidden]>,

    Michael Warner said:
    Chalo said:

    Perhaps you missed (or perhaps you agree with) the implication I took
    exception to, which is that Trek buyers are somehow "serious" about
    their cycling, whereas Chinese who cycle in much greater numbers and
    for transportation, and who don't buy enough Treks to make that
    company a profit, are somehow not serious.

    Apparently they're so serious about cycling that they're all scrambling to
    get cars instead, and bikes are rapidly disappearing from cities.

    Are they really?

    --
    Michael Press

  11. Michael Press said:

    In article <[email hidden]>,

    Bill Sornson said:
    Chalo said:

    Bill Sornson wrote:
    >
    > Chalo wrote:
    >>
    >> No, Trek was a successful company before, according to appearances
    >> anyway. But now they are the sort of company where the chairman
    >> and founder can say asinine [censored] like the following:
    >
    >> "We're losing money in China, but not a lot. Eventually the
    >> Chinese will have the time and the money to take up cycling
    >> seriously."
    >
    >> Charming, eh?
    >
    > Sounds honest and sincere to me. (Assuming it's true, of course.)
    > Aren't "evil corporate types" supposed to lie and obfuscate at
    > every turn?

    Perhaps you missed (or perhaps you agree with) the implication I
    took exception to, which is that Trek buyers are somehow "serious"
    about their cycling, whereas Chinese who cycle in much greater
    numbers and for transportation, and who don't buy enough Treks to
    make that company a profit, are somehow not serious.

    The fact that a gigantic nation of accustomed and experienced
    cyclists can't find much use for Trek's products at Trek's asking
    prices speaks for itself, I think.

    Well, this is the first time I've read or considered that quote, so
    perhaps you're right. Just seems to me that he was giving an honest
    assessment of a MARKET, rather than commentary on WORTHINESS.

    If Trek used their manufacturing clout to flood China with really
    cheap BSOs, what would you say then? Are they providing a service
    (cheap bikes for the needy masses) or just manipulating and
    dominating a marketplace?

    Perhaps they can't win with you.

    China has always been able to flood itself with
    working bicycles. They have produced enough
    to fill the city streets with a endless stream.

    ..../an/ endless stream.

  12. Quoted message said:
    Quoted message said:
    Quoted message said:

    Perhaps you missed (or perhaps you agree with) the implication I took
    exception to, which is that Trek buyers are somehow "serious" about
    their cycling, whereas Chinese who cycle in much greater numbers and
    for transportation, and who don't buy enough Treks to make that
    company a profit, are somehow not serious.

    Apparently they're so serious about cycling that they're all scrambling
    to
    get cars instead, and bikes are rapidly disappearing from cities.

    Are they really?

    Unfortunately, in some areas, they are in fact squeezing bikes out in favor
    of cars.
    http://www.streetsblog.org/2007/02/08/cars-conquering-the-bicycle-kingdom/

    Strange, but true.

    --Mike-- Chain Reaction Bicycles
    www.ChainReactionBicycles.com

  13. Michael Press said:
    Quoted message said:

    Apparently they're so serious about cycling that they're all scrambling to
    get cars instead, and bikes are rapidly disappearing from cities.

    Are they really?

    Yep. My parents have been there twice in the last few, and they say
    the decline is dramatic. If I were looking to profitably sell bikes in
    China now, I'd be targeting the same nouveau riche who are getting cars.

    I think using a bike as a virtuous transportation choice is a strictly
    Western phenomenon :-)

  14. Michael Press said:

    In article
    <[email hidden]>,

    Michael Warner said:

    On Mon, 08 Oct 2007 07:19:32 -0000, Chalo wrote:

    Quoted message said:
    Quoted message said:

    Perhaps you missed (or perhaps you agree with) the implication I took
    exception to, which is that Trek buyers are somehow "serious" about
    their cycling, whereas Chinese who cycle in much greater numbers and
    for transportation, and who don't buy enough Treks to make that
    company a profit, are somehow not serious.

    Quoted message said:

    Apparently they're so serious about cycling that they're all scrambling to
    get cars instead, and bikes are rapidly disappearing from cities.

    Are they really?

    Yes.

    Though I might add that since I've been here public transit has gotten
    better (for certain values of better) and the bazillions of tiny
    motorcycles that, as small engines, made hugemongously
    disproportionate amounts of pollutions are being taken off the streets
    (frex no new motorcycle license plates issued in Haikou City since
    2004).

    I can't get a bus nearly as often as I could get a breadbox van but
    I'm pretty sure that the bigger newer vehicles are probably cleaner (I
    know many of them run on natural gas) and because of their high
    profile are more required to follow traffic laws while the breadboxes
    would stop anywhere for anyone (which was quite convenient) and often
    competed with other drivers on the same routes for who could get to
    the passengers first (which could and did lead to occasionally running
    down pedestrians). I've heard of deaths caused that way.

    It's also really nice the way the buses have standardized posted
    fares. Though I do sort of miss the way breadboxes gave change. They
    could be quite snarky if you were, for example, to give a 100 rmb note
    for a 2 rmb fare but you could always get change.

    I have only been in country for a bit over 5 years and I have both
    watched the numbers of people on bikes go down and watched the number
    of cyclists go up. It wasn't all that long ago that there I remember
    (regularly) losing my city bike in vast stretches of bicycle parking
    where I had to wander up and down rows trying to find the right
    patterned seat cover. Coming up on two years at this point since I've
    had a bike I've been willing to park outside and while the 10,000rmb
    titanium frame on my race bike might have something to do with that
    it's also equal parts no longer having dedicated paid bike parking
    with a security guard responsible for watching the bikes giving me a
    ticket.

    All that having been said, I've said before and I'll say again that
    I'm so far as yet quite underwhelmed by what I've seen of Trek China.
    This is probably influenced by choices made on the part of my local
    bike shop but so far when it comes to price point versus quality the
    Treks are uniformly more expensive than every other bike in their
    category. I understand that there are some brands out there which my
    LBS refuses to carry which are even worse in this regards but drooling
    on the Discovery guys' bikes at this year's TdQL notwithstanding I'm
    just not interested.

    -M

  15. Mike Jacoubowsky said:
    Quoted message said:

    Perhaps it is becuase these plastic frames are not old enough (or break
    before from other causes) for such failures to show up. Brazed steel
    frames have been around for at least a century - not the method, but the
    actual frames.

    I'll go out on a limb here, and claim that there are far fewer brazed steel
    frames more than even a mere 50 years old, intact, than there are such
    frames that have failed. Does that mean that, because the evidence is that
    most failed, steel is a bad material to build a frame out of? I don't think
    so, but...

    Careful now, claims without evidence are jim beam's territory...

  16. In article <[email hidden]>,

    _ said:
    Mike Jacoubowsky said:
    Quoted message said:

    Perhaps it is becuase these plastic frames are not old enough (or
    break before from other causes) for such failures to show up.
    Brazed steel frames have been around for at least a century - not
    the method, but the actual frames.

    I'll go out on a limb here, and claim that there are far fewer
    brazed steel frames more than even a mere 50 years old, intact,
    than there are such frames that have failed. Does that mean that,
    because the evidence is that most failed, steel is a bad material
    to build a frame out of? I don't think so, but...

    Careful now, claims without evidence are jim beam's territory...

    Indeed, there are problems with Mike's claim. First, it's simply
    unprovable because there are no inventories or records, bikes not having
    titles or license plates like cars there's no way to trace them.
    Second, in the US 50 years ago most bikes were basically built for
    children from welded mild steel and have long since been discarded due
    to non-use; that means there's not that much of a selection of 50 years
    old brazed US-made frames to begin with. Third, even most of the brazed
    frames were long ago discarded due to non-use. Neither the second or
    third groups failed in large numbers, they were just thrown away. Few
    Americans have been riding regularly for 50 years, let alone riding
    regularly for 50 years on the same bike.

    I remember a few years ago someone at the CTC published the question
    "does anybody have a 50 year old bike in daily use" and got hundreds of
    replies and photos from their members, some of whose daily riders were
    60+ years old which were hand-me-downs from their parents or other older
    relatives. I remember a lovely RRA from the first couple of years of
    production that was still being ridden thousands of miles a year. The
    CTC magazine editor asked people to stop sending in pictures of their
    bikes because it was overwhelming.

    Locally, riding around town and casually observing, I'd say that fully
    half the bikes I see are 25-30 years old. This has increased over the
    past five years or so quite dramatically.

  17. In article <[email hidden]>,

    Michael Warner said:

    I think using a bike as a virtuous transportation choice is a
    strictly Western phenomenon :-)

    Well, yes- currently at least. 30 years from now that may be a
    different story. In most parts of the world where there's a lot of
    cycling, bikes are just normal transportation. Inhabitants of the US,
    Canda and western Europe are among the few people in the world who have
    significant amounts of leisure time and disposable income.

  18. Quoted message said:

    In article <[email hidden]>,
    [email hidden] says...

    Quoted message said:

    The epoxy that holds the fibers together will not last long enough to
    support your prediction. It's just not that stable. I have art
    pieces I made in college fifteen to twenty years ago which were
    assembled partly with epoxy, and they have fallen apart. Look at the
    original plastic bits on the interior of a twenty- or thirty-year-old
    car.

    My fiberglass boat has been out in the sun pretty much continuously
    since it was made in 1973. The gel coat is oxidized a bit, except where
    the cormorants got sick last year -- turns out cormorant vomit does a
    great job of cleaning the oxidation off of gel coat, who knew? But
    structurally, it's fine. And it's hardly the newest fiberglass boat on
    the beach.

    On the other hand, I've had fiberglass work I did myself fall apart in
    less than ten years.

    I suspect there's a huge variation in the quality of epoxy resins on the
    market, and in the quality of their use.

    I don't know if any epoxy will outlast a good steel frame, but I'm sure
    there are epoxies that will last 40+ years of outdoor exposure, because
    I've seen them.

    Preventing epoxy degradation from UV is pretty easy via coatings.
    Moisture absorption seem much more problematic. I don't know if this
    will play as big a role in bikes as boats. Another big variable is
    hardener/epoxy ratio. Use of thermosetting prepregs should mitigate that
    in bikes.

    A lot of the degradation from common plastics is from outgassing of
    "plasticizers", compounds added to reduce brittleness. I'm not sure that
    this is typical of epoxies. An article that discusses some of these issues:

    http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-14392003000300017

  19. Quoted message said:

    Indeed, there are problems with Mike's claim. First, it's simply
    unprovable because there are no inventories or records, bikes not having
    titles or license plates like cars there's no way to trace them.
    Second, in the US 50 years ago most bikes were basically built for
    children from welded mild steel and have long since been discarded due
    to non-use; that means there's not that much of a selection of 50 years
    old brazed US-made frames to begin with. Third, even most of the brazed
    frames were long ago discarded due to non-use. Neither the second or
    third groups failed in large numbers, they were just thrown away. Few
    Americans have been riding regularly for 50 years, let alone riding
    regularly for 50 years on the same bike.

    OK, we could bring it back quite a few years then, and talk about bikes from
    the 70s. Of that I have a great amount of first-hand experience. Of the many
    thousands that I sold during the 70s, I would say a greater number than
    people here are prepared to believe "failed" in use. That "use" typically
    constituted running into thing and bending forks back and buckling
    downtubes. Of the bikes coming into the shop for repair, a very large number
    exhibited that sort of damage. It's my opinion that, used long enough, most
    steel bikes would have fallen victim to that fate. For what it's worth, I
    have personal experience with two different steel bikes that did so. I have
    experience with one failure on a modern carbon frame & fork; that was when a
    car backed out into me and I landed on the rear hood. The steel fork column
    bent; everything else remained intact. The frame continues on to this day
    (many years later). The fork was retired due to the bent column.

    --Mike-- Chain Reaction Bicycles
    www.ChainReactionBicycles.com

    "Tim McNamara" <[email hidden]> wrote in message
    news:[email hidden]...

    Quoted message said:

    In article <[email hidden]>,

    _ said:
    Mike Jacoubowsky said:

    > Perhaps it is becuase these plastic frames are not old enough (or
    > break before from other causes) for such failures to show up.
    > Brazed steel frames have been around for at least a century - not
    > the method, but the actual frames.

    I'll go out on a limb here, and claim that there are far fewer
    brazed steel frames more than even a mere 50 years old, intact,
    than there are such frames that have failed. Does that mean that,
    because the evidence is that most failed, steel is a bad material
    to build a frame out of? I don't think so, but...

    Careful now, claims without evidence are jim beam's territory...

    Indeed, there are problems with Mike's claim. First, it's simply
    unprovable because there are no inventories or records, bikes not having
    titles or license plates like cars there's no way to trace them.
    Second, in the US 50 years ago most bikes were basically built for
    children from welded mild steel and have long since been discarded due
    to non-use; that means there's not that much of a selection of 50 years
    old brazed US-made frames to begin with. Third, even most of the brazed
    frames were long ago discarded due to non-use. Neither the second or
    third groups failed in large numbers, they were just thrown away. Few
    Americans have been riding regularly for 50 years, let alone riding
    regularly for 50 years on the same bike.

    I remember a few years ago someone at the CTC published the question
    "does anybody have a 50 year old bike in daily use" and got hundreds of
    replies and photos from their members, some of whose daily riders were
    60+ years old which were hand-me-downs from their parents or other older
    relatives. I remember a lovely RRA from the first couple of years of
    production that was still being ridden thousands of miles a year. The
    CTC magazine editor asked people to stop sending in pictures of their
    bikes because it was overwhelming.

    Locally, riding around town and casually observing, I'd say that fully
    half the bikes I see are 25-30 years old. This has increased over the
    past five years or so quite dramatically.

  20. On Tue, 9 Oct 2007 17:00:42 +0930, Michael Warner <[email hidden]>

    Quoted message said:
    Michael Press said:
    Quoted message said:

    Apparently they're so serious about cycling that they're all scrambling to
    get cars instead, and bikes are rapidly disappearing from cities.

    Are they really?

    Yep. My parents have been there twice in the last few, and they say
    the decline is dramatic.

    It is. When I first visited Peking in 1993, you could drive across it
    in little more than half an hour. These days, depending on the
    traffic jams, it could take three to four times that long.

Active in the last 60 minutes

Active in this thread

0 users · 0 guests ·0 bots ·0 total

No signed-in users are active right now.

No known search crawlers active right now.