General fitness, health and nutrition · Public discussion

Mead acid vs EFA (is it possible?)

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General fitness, health and nutrition
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8 May 2006
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Davide
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  1. I'm interested in the debate about the essensiality of EFA
    So, I want to add my two cents
    Could anyone please explain to me how do you come up with an EFA
    deficient diet?
    There's no RDA for EFA but a suggested amount is at least 1 gram daily
    of n-3

    Someone has been claiming that when you're deficient in n-3 your body
    synthesize n-9 mead acid and that since fish oil, flax seeds, salmon
    and so on have been reccomended only recently all our ancestors must
    have been n-3 deficient

    Well, I came up with a fictionary diet comprised only of fruit.
    2000 calories of such a diet would provide 2g of n-3 circa, and that's
    only fruit which is probably the most fat deficient food, more than
    vegetables.

    The intake raises if 2/3% of calories are replaced with lettuce

    Even 2000 calories of grain alone would provide 1g circa of n-3
    Even milk and butter and fish that are not salmon and even eggs

    And of course a mixed diet provides elements more easily than a
    monofood diet

    Bottomline: it's virtually impossible to be deficient in EFA you would
    have to consume a purified synthetic laboratory diet or also eat a diet
    comprimed of naked calories ... which isn't then the reason why it's
    claimed we're more deficient of EFA than we used to be? Because our
    diet worldiwde is mostly comprised of junk food and denaturated food
    and less of real food?

    It's impossible for anyone consuming a varied diet of whole food to be
    really deficient in n-3 and that applies to my pre 900 ancestors as
    well

    So how does Peat and his followers became EFA deficient on the first
    place?
    Could Peat followers please take a blood test to see if they're really
    EFA deficienct or if actually they couldn't really come up with an EFA
    deficient diet unless they ate nothing but McDonald food?

    Davide

  2. Davide:

    If Mead acid incorporates into your cells, then you are considered "EFA
    deficient." According to the professional literature, I am not getting
    enough "EFAs." I don't know how you came to the conclusion that it's
    difficult to be "EFA deficient." Perhaps you could provide a citation
    for it. On the contrary, the "experts" are now claiming that it is
    very easy to be "EFAD." And yes, one can have biopisies or blood tests
    done, and I have suggested that if someone does not believe me, he or
    she could pay for the test to be done, but if I have not incorporated
    Mead acid, then I will refund thte money. Nobody was interested in
    taking me up on this, or any other similar offer. Also, I have seen
    the results in the various problems I had - all of which are gone now.
    It is so amazing that it's the kind of thing that has to happen to you
    or else you would have trouble believing it, because of course what it
    means is that the "experts" are about as wrong as they possibly could
    be here (though some, like Ray Peat, did get it right).

    Note that in science, if you refute a claim of "essentiality," that is
    it - it is done, but for some reason, this has not happened in this
    case. For example, why do the "experts" keep citing the 1930 study,
    which was conclusively refuted. You can get the Encyclopedia
    Britannica Book of the Year, 1948, and turn to page 121: "Pyridoxine [a
    B vitamin] was found to relieve the deficiency state resulting from the
    absence of dietary fat, and to cause the deposition of linoleic [the
    most common omega 6 PUFA in diets] as well as di- and tetraenoic acids
    in the tissues of rats on fat-free diets... This contradicts the idea
    that linoleic acid cannot be synthesized by by rat tissues..." Thus, on
    a fat-free diet, the rats were fine, so long as they were given proper
    vitamin supplementation (some truly essential vitamins were not known
    in 1930, and so they seem to have basically guessed that PUFAs were the
    vital substance).

    In addition, Mead acid is in key tissues, as some studies have found:
    "...Young cartilage is characterised by the presence of high levels
    of 20:9 w-9, Mead acid, indicating a relative deficiency of EFA.
    Skeletal muscle from the same subjects showed normal EFA levels, and no
    Mead acid. Age decreases the Mead acid level and increases the EFA
    level, with weight-bearing cartilage having more EFA and less Mead acid
    than costal tissues. Cartilage from osteoarthritis affected joints
    showed even lower Mead acid levels and even higher w-6 EFA levels,
    leading the authors to speculate that accumulation of w-6 EFAs in
    cartilage might predispose towards the development of OA, and that the
    presence of Mead acid might somehow be protective...."

    Source: Poster Presentation at the Third International Conference on
    Essential Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids, Adelaide, Australia March 1 1992

    I now have my own forum, which is moderated, so that obnoxious or
    irrelevant posts are deleted. You can read through some of my latest
    research/essays, which connects the fatty acids in your body to
    "disease" and the "inflammatory" response. If you like the Mead acid
    "debate" and if you can "think outside the box," you will enjoy reading
    these. Go to:
    http://groups.msn.com/TheScientificDebateForum-/

  3. [email hidden] ha scritto:

    Quoted message said:

    Davide:

    If Mead acid incorporates into your cells, then you are considered "EFA
    deficient." According to the professional literature, I am not getting
    enough "EFAs." I don't know how you came to the conclusion that it's
    difficult to be "EFA deficient." Perhaps you could provide a citation
    for it.

    It's not a matter of citation but a matter of food composition
    n-3 and n-6 are everywhere, not even sugary watery fruits are devoid of
    them and as long as you consume a normocaloric diet of whole foods
    you're at least getting 1g of n-3 daily which is all we need.
    That's why I think the test is so important and I don't believe it will
    cost you much, but it would be interested and would make the debate
    more concrete if you do know that you're EFA deficient

    The reason why it's not easy for me to believe it is that whatever you
    eat there's EFA in it, even melon, even grass, even berries.
    The reason why many studies claim that we're EFA deficient is because
    we consume highly refined diets.
    Two McDonald menus easily provide you with more than 2500 calories but
    there's not enough elements, vitamins, minerals, efa, phytochemicals in
    that stuff even thought calorically is more than many need

    When I said that it's hard to be EFA deficient I mean that as long as
    we eat whole foods that we can pick, grasp, cultivate, fish or hunt
    we're getting at least 1g of n-3 daily because all foods on this planet
    contain EFA even foods that we don't recognize as fatty or fat sources

    Thanks for your reply

    Davide

  4. "EFA deficiency" is a human construct. You can have Mead acid in some
    cells and arachidonic acid in others. You are talking ghosts here.
    Yes, there are trace amounts of omega 6s in many foods, but when they
    say "EFAD" they are talking about the ability to make metabolites like
    LTB4 or PGE2 out of AA, so if Mead acid is there instead, you will make
    LTA3, and not LTB4, PGE2, and the other very dangerous molecules that
    many "experts" deem to be "essential." Actually, these molecules are
    the direct cause of most of the "chronic disease" of today. Go to
    pubmed.com and search for PGE2 cancer or LTB4 cancer, for example.

    Now, if you think that trace amounts of omega 6s are "essential," it is
    your obligation to demonstrate how they are essential in such a
    context. And it certainly would be inconsistent to argue that one
    needs to worry about "EFAs" at all, if one only did need the tiniest of
    trace amounts. But again, with tiny trace amounts, you will not have
    AA in your cells, and most of the "experts" believe, for whatever
    reason, that you cannot survive without it there, though all the
    evidence points to it as the cause, and not the cure, for various
    diseases and conditions.

  5. [email hidden] ha scritto:

    Quoted message said:

    "EFA deficiency" is a human construct. You can have Mead acid in some
    cells and arachidonic acid in others. You are talking ghosts here.
    Yes, there are trace amounts of omega 6s in many foods, but when they
    say "EFAD" they are talking about the ability to make metabolites like
    LTB4 or PGE2 out of AA, so if Mead acid is there instead, you will make
    LTA3, and not LTB4, PGE2, and the other very dangerous molecules that
    many "experts" deem to be "essential." Actually, these molecules are
    the direct cause of most of the "chronic disease" of today. Go to
    pubmed.com and search for PGE2 cancer or LTB4 cancer, for example.

    To be EFA deficient and incorporate Mead acid into your cells you must
    consume periodically less than 0.50g of n-3. If your diet consist daily
    of 1-2g of EFA that's enough to prevent EFAD
    The trance amounts in foods is enough to provide all the EFA we need,
    the fuss about EFA (for those that believe in the essentiality of EFA)
    is that as you diet becomes more refined and processed we get most of
    our calories in the form of naked calories

    But as long as whole diet provides 1g of n-3 daily it is not an EFA
    deficient diet
    That's why I think it's so important that you take a blood test to show
    you're EFA deficient and incorporate Mead acid in your cells, because
    it's not easy to believe that, even though you struggled to keep EFA
    out of your diet, what you eat daily doesn't contain enough EFA to
    provide not less than the very small amount your body is believed to
    need

    The body is believed to required so little EFA that even 0.020 grams
    per 100g of a non fatty food make a huge difference
    I'm actually afraid the test will confirm that you're consuming enough
    EFA daily to prevent deficiency and the massive synthesis of Mead acid,
    but only the test will say

    Davide

  6. You are making a claim, and you need to cite a reference for it. If
    you look at the professional nutritional literature, you will see
    claims such as (in the context of the typical American diet) it "is not
    easy to acheive [EFA sufficiency] with present dietary patterns unless
    fish or fish ois are included in the diet (or more unusual vegetable
    sources high in linolenic acid) [such as flax oil]." I am arguing
    against this kind of claim, however, your claim doesn't make sense
    scientifically, because it is known that a certain amount of "turnover"
    occurs, and some argue that the turnover is "rapid." It would be
    physically impossible to get enough omega 3s for even moderate turnover
    to occur if you did not take the advice in the quotation. When you
    claim that tiny amounts are needed, my question to you is, needed for
    what purpose? I don't know where you stand on this issue.

    As to my status, if you want to take me up on my offer, just let me
    know. I've seen the results for myself: a different kind of healing, a
    keloid go away after about 2 decades, a great attenuation of cold
    symptoms, less itchiness, no more skin rashes, etc., and I'm more than
    willing to put my money where my claims are. Here's a question for
    you: if I do the test and it comes back Mead acid, are you willing to
    admit that you are totally wrong about this? The claims about
    "essential fatty acids" are basically "all over the map," and the basic
    assertion was refuted in 1948. If you are correct, then just about all
    the recent nutritional literature is wrong. The "experts" are claiming
    that one needs about a tablespoon of omega 6s (linoleic) and a teaspoon
    of omega 3s EACH DAY, and my diet is certainly not supplying anything
    remotely near that amount. I agree that this is incorrect, but I agree
    with them that one will incorporate the Mead acid into cells if one
    falls well below these dietary consumption levels. The literature says
    that this may occur within a few weeks, so being over 4 years into this
    personal experiment, and seeing the changes in myself, there is no
    reason to doubt that I've incorporated Mead acid, displacing the
    arachidonic acid.

    Note that with a "fast food" or "junk food" diet you will get plenty of
    omega 6s, especially linoleic acid.

  7. Here's another quotation, from "Perspectives
    in Nutrition" by Gordon Wardlaw (see pages 120 and 135 of the fourth
    edition). The author claims that one needs at least "1 tablespoon of
    polyunsaturated plant oil a day," which he claims is acceptable even
    on a very low fat diet. If not, "one's skin will become flaky and
    itchy, and diarrhea and other symptoms such as infections often are
    seen. Growth and wound healing may be retarded..."

  8. Another thought that blinked in my mind
    I may agree that concentrated unsaturated oils are unhealthy ...
    actually oil itself is not the healthiest of the food as it is nothing
    more than naked calories, while those calories could have been used to
    rise one's intake of essential elements

    But it's hard to believe that eating avocados, nuts or fish in any
    moderate amount can be as detrimental. After all they are foods
    everyone have been consuming for years
    There are studies that show the health of traditional population or
    hunter/gatherer societies, when we look at these population all
    diseases we've been for granted as unavoidable part of life on earth
    are nonexistant and it's not genetics since when these people move to a
    western country and adopt a western lifestyle they develop the same
    diseases everyone has
    The Bushmen are a population known for they health and strength

    Well, the staple of their diet is nuts. Either nuts or fish have been
    the staple of many traditional and hunter/gatherer diets that are
    documented to be healthy and immune to western diseases

    Then I thought that maybe in USA unsaturated oils have been pushed on
    the population as necessary and healthy so you have all kind of
    safflower oils, canola oil, flaxseeds oil and so on. Where that didn't
    happen where I live and you can't find those oils even if you look for
    them on a bioshop.
    My uncle and my aunt (not from the same family) died of cancer at the
    age of 45 and 59 and I've always thought about their lifestyle and diet
    so as to understand why it happened and how to prevent it.

    They for sure didn't consume any source of unsurated oils. They were
    not particularly health conscious but my aunt loved to walk everyday
    and my uncle was a bricklayer and the opposite of a coach potato. I
    remember their diet was rich in butter, they cooked and seasoned
    everything with butter ... it may seem strange for someone living in
    today's big cities but they lived on a very small town basically
    comprised of just farm and my uncle had his chickens and such. Other
    things they used to eat was pasta of course, eggs, vegetables, bread
    and especially milk product since they lived in a region near france
    which is famous for its cheeses (in fact in the town even children
    snacks were bread and cheese) They never consumed purposely any source
    of PUFA

    Davide

  9. [email hidden] ha scritto:

    Quoted message said:

    You are making a claim, and you need to cite a reference for it. If
    you look at the professional nutritional literature, you will see
    claims such as (in the context of the typical American diet) it "is not
    easy to acheive [EFA sufficiency] with present dietary patterns unless
    fish or fish ois are included in the diet (or more unusual vegetable
    sources high in linolenic acid) [such as flax oil]."

    This is clearly nonsense. Maybe it's believable in USA but in the rest
    of the world were other foods are staple and people eat more
    traditionally than commercially no one has ever purposedly focused on
    eating concentrated sources of EFA yet they've thrived no more or less
    than others
    It sounds to me like claiming that you can't get enough protein without
    consuming protein powder, we have survuved for centuries without any
    concentrated refined and commercially extracted source of EFA
    But if we look at food composition we can see that you can secure,
    without focusing on concentrated source of EFA, the amount of EFA that
    is needed to be essential for health

    Also, the traditional diets I'm talking about may not know what canola
    oil is but many of them have fish or nuts as their staple, so while I
    believe that concentrated source of EFA are not desirable I can't
    believe that all foods containing unsaturated fats as part of a whole
    food diet also containing lot of disease-preventing antioxidants and
    phitochemicals from fruits, veggies and greens, are dangerous and to be
    avoided
    That wouldn't be consistent with the documented health of
    hunter/gatherer societies consuming lot of nuts and fish

    Quoted message said:

    I am arguing
    against this kind of claim, however, your claim doesn't make sense
    scientifically, because it is known that a certain amount of "turnover"
    occurs, and some argue that the turnover is "rapid." It would be
    physically impossible to get enough omega 3s for even moderate turnover
    to occur if you did not take the advice in the quotation. When you
    claim that tiny amounts are needed, my question to you is, needed for
    what purpose? I don't know where you stand on this issue.

    Well, if you take that blook work it will tell whether you're getting
    enough EFA to prevent your body from syntheting massive amount of Mead
    acid.

    My position is that it's crazy to believe that we actually need
    concentrated oils to thrive but that it's also very hard to avoid
    consuming sources of unsaturated fats as they belong to the food class
    we as primates have been consuming for centuries, staple in the
    traditional diets or hunter/gatherer diets that would have to rely more
    on them since they lack all refined foods that we have access to, and
    yet these population are known for their immunity to western diseases.
    So my position right now is that oils are probably toxic and
    uneccessary but that eating avocados, nuts and fish as part of whole
    natural diet is not dangerous or disease promoting

    Quoted message said:

    As to my status, if you want to take me up on my offer, just let me
    know. I've seen the results for myself: a different kind of healing, a
    keloid go away after about 2 decades, a great attenuation of cold
    symptoms, less itchiness, no more skin rashes, etc., and I'm more than
    willing to put my money where my claims are. Here's a question for
    you: if I do the test and it comes back Mead acid, are you willing to
    admit that you are totally wrong about this?

    Of course, we're theorizing ... facts will tell who is right and
    there's no reason why I shouldn't admit I was wrong.
    Mind you, I'm not interested on being right; the knowledge of what to
    avoid to prevent diseases and be in good health is shape is way more
    important to me

    Quoted message said:

    The claims about
    "essential fatty acids" are basically "all over the map," and the basic
    assertion was refuted in 1948. If you are correct, then just about all
    the recent nutritional literature is wrong. The "experts" are claiming
    that one needs about a tablespoon of omega 6s (linoleic) and a teaspoon
    of omega 3s EACH DAY, and my diet is certainly not supplying anything
    remotely near that amount.

    This sounds to me like a "commercial" claim ... because it implies
    those fats must come from processed concentrated oils
    I remember less commercials claims stanting that we need 1 gram of n-3
    and 2.5 grams of n-6, I believe your diet may still supplying that
    amount but the test will tell whether I'm completely wrong

    Quoted message said:

    I agree that this is incorrect, but I agree
    with them that one will incorporate the Mead acid into cells if one
    falls well below these dietary consumption levels. The literature says
    that this may occur within a few weeks, so being over 4 years into this
    personal experiment, and seeing the changes in myself, there is no
    reason to doubt that I've incorporated Mead acid, displacing the
    arachidonic acid.

    I still think a test is more realiable

    Quoted message said:

    Note that with a "fast food" or "junk food" diet you will get plenty of
    omega 6s, especially linoleic acid.

    Yes, that's true but as a matter of fact I remember the "experts"
    claiming that we were consuming too much omega 6s and that a balance
    between omega 6 and omega 3 was more important than the amount

    Davide

  10. [email hidden] ha scritto:

    Quoted message said:

    Here's another quotation, from "Perspectives
    in Nutrition" by Gordon Wardlaw (see pages 120 and 135 of the fourth
    edition). The author claims that one needs at least "1 tablespoon of
    polyunsaturated plant oil a day," which he claims is acceptable even
    on a very low fat diet. If not, "one's skin will become flaky and
    itchy, and diarrhea and other symptoms such as infections often are
    seen. Growth and wound healing may be retarded..."

    Well, so the "experts" became more idiot from consuming all that oil
    because just four years ago I still remember that the claims was about
    "amount" of grams of fat in the diet, not claims about liquid oils
    measure in tbs. The reccomended amount I remember was : 1 gram of n-3
    and 2.5 grams of n-6 from whatever source including lettuce

    Davide

  11. Just get several cheap mice, feed them fresh coconut oil as their only
    source of fat, along with proper nutrition, etc., otherwise, and see if
    they live to the typical age. Remember that in 1948 they gave the rats
    no fat and the rats were fine, and rats are the kind of animal that one
    would expect to need omega 6s more than adult, non-pregnant humans
    would.

  12. On 7 May 2006 21:11:04 -0700, "Davide" <[email hidden]> wrote:

    snip

    Quoted message said:

    But as long as whole diet provides 1g of n-3 daily it is not an EFA
    deficient diet

    Corrrect. You have to understand that Monty is an idiot. He doesn't
    believe HIV causes AIDS either.

    Perhaps he has suffered from a deficiency of fatty acids in his diet
    resulting in neurological dysfunction?

    George M. Carter

    ***
    One of HUNDREDS of examples.

    Yehuda S, Rabinovitz S, Mostofsky DI. Essential fatty acids and the
    brain: from infancy to aging. Neurobiol Aging. 2005 Dec;26 Suppl
    1:98-102. Epub 2005 Oct 13.

    Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Brain
    Research, Institute, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.

    The major effects of essential fatty acids (EFA) on brain structure
    and functions are reviewed. EFA determine the fluidity of neuronal
    membrane and control the physiological functions of the brain. EFA is
    also involved in synthesis and functions of brain neurotransmitters,
    and in the molecules of the immune system. Since they must be supplied
    from the diet, a decreased bioavailability is bound to induce major
    disturbances. While the brain needs a continuous supply during the
    life span, there are two particularly sensitive periods-infancy and
    aging. EFA deficiency during infancy delays brain development, and in
    aging will accelerate deterioration of brain functions. In discussing
    the role of EFA two issues must be considered-the blood-brain barrier,
    which determines the bioavailability, and the myelination process,
    which determines the efficiency of brain and retinal functions.

  13. Davide said:

    Bottomline: it's virtually impossible to be deficient in EFA you would
    have to consume a purified synthetic laboratory diet or also eat a diet
    comprimed of naked calories ... which isn't then the reason why it's
    claimed we're more deficient of EFA than we used to be? Because our
    diet worldiwde is mostly comprised of junk food and denaturated food
    and less of real food?

    In USA, yes, it should normally be impossible.

    And given the possibility to eat some greens, you would neither suffer
    from it.

    But, as long as food industry continue to refine food, and omega-3 is
    a main attack target since presence of omega-3 shorten shelf life,
    diet content of omega-3 is being less and less, while omega-6's are
    more and more dominating, giving a ratio of 20 and more btw. them.

  14. Quoted message said:

    "...Young cartilage is characterised by the presence of high levels
    of 20:9 w-9, Mead acid, indicating a relative deficiency of EFA.

    Such an acid, C20:9 w-9 doesn't exist at all.

  15. Davide said:

    To be EFA deficient and incorporate Mead acid into your cells you must
    consume periodically less than 0.50g of n-3. If your diet consist daily
    of 1-2g of EFA that's enough to prevent EFAD
    The trance amounts in foods is enough to provide all the EFA we need,
    the fuss about EFA (for those that believe in the essentiality of EFA)
    is that as you diet becomes more refined and processed we get most of
    our calories in the form of naked calories

    There is a way to get EFA deficiency even if eating a lot of EFA's and
    that happens when liver do break down the EFA's faster than the rate
    of feeding them, like convering arachidonic acid immediately into
    isoprostanes and other eicosanoids before reaching the target cells,
    like what seem to happen in areas of active growth of plaques in
    arterial walls or in cancer colonies.

  16. Quoted message said:

    You are making a claim, and you need to cite a reference for it. If
    you look at the professional nutritional literature, you will see
    claims such as (in the context of the typical American diet) it "is not
    easy to acheive [EFA sufficiency] with present dietary patterns unless
    fish or fish ois are included in the diet (or more unusual vegetable
    sources high in linolenic acid) [such as flax oil]." I am arguing

    Until quite recently, omega-3 acids was not considered needed per se
    at all. EFA deficiency was defined as deficient in omega-6 acids.

    That's a case impossible to reach in US.

    But, what is dangerous, it turns out, is a too high ratio btw. omega-6
    and omega-3 since omega-3 acids inhibits (slow down) production of
    eicosanoids derived from arachidonate because cyclooxygenase and other
    enzymes involved has about 10 times higher affinity to omega-3 acids
    than do omega-6, while Vmax of omega-3 is far lower than for
    arachidonate. Also Vmax for dihomogammalinoleic acid is lower, while
    also some metabolites cannot be formed at all from that fatty acid
    which are made from arachidonate.

  17. Davide said:

    Well, so the "experts" became more idiot from consuming all that oil
    because just four years ago I still remember that the claims was about
    "amount" of grams of fat in the diet, not claims about liquid oils
    measure in tbs. The reccomended amount I remember was : 1 gram of n-3
    and 2.5 grams of n-6 from whatever source including lettuce

    Over here it is at least 0,5 g omega-3 and 4 g omega-6 (which I think
    is too high ratio)

  18. In article <[email hidden]>,

    Alf Christophersen said:

    .. omega-3 acids inhibits (slow down) production of
    eicosanoids derived from arachidonate because cyclooxygenase and other
    enzymes involved has about 10 times higher affinity to omega-3 acids
    than do omega-6, while Vmax of omega-3 is far lower than for
    arachidonate. Also Vmax for dihomogammalinoleic acid is lower, while
    also some metabolites cannot be formed at all from that fatty acid
    which are made from arachidonate.

    Would that be Vmax for
    - the chain lengthening steps that take LA/LNA up to 20 carbons?
    - one of the phopholipases that free the LC-PUFA from the WBC membrane?
    - COX-1?
    - COX-2?

    DRT

  19. Alf Christophersen said:

    There is a way to get EFA deficiency even if eating a lot of EFA's and
    that happens when liver do break down the EFA's faster than the rate
    of feeding them, like convering arachidonic acid immediately into
    isoprostanes and other eicosanoids before reaching the target cells,
    like what seem to happen in areas of active growth of plaques in
    arterial walls or in cancer colonies.

    Is that liver condition considered a disease or is it the result of
    some nutritional deficiency?

    --
    Ron

  20. Carter cites the same kinds of evidence he does for the ludicrous
    "HIV/AIDS" nonsense, that is, there is no science but instead all kinds
    of proclamations without any citations to actual experiments that meet
    the standards of the scientific method. In 1948 an experiment was done
    to confirm the original, Burr & Burr experiment of 1929/30, and it
    refuted it. The rats had no source of any fat and were fine. The
    difference was vitamin B supplementation. And that is how you do
    science. And it was in the Encyclopedia Britannica.

    Carter is interested in establishing some sort of cult in the name of
    science. For the sake of our health, let us hope that the scientific
    method prevails. If anyone wants to cite real evidence, go right ahead
    and I will evaluate it. I will not get involved in the name calling
    and insults - that is exactly what this kind of indiviual does to
    deflect attention away from the science.

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