These simple two articles show clearly .. meat eating
increases death ..
<<snip>> People with high serum GGT have higher
mortality <<snip>>
Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2001 Aug;38(4):263-355. Related
Articles, Links
Gamma glutamyl transferase.
Whitfield JB.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Prince Alfred
Hospital, and University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
[email hidden]
Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) has been widely used
as an index of liver dysfunction and marker of alcohol
intake. The last few years have seen improvements in these
areas and advances in understanding of its physiological
role in counteracting oxidative stress by breaking down
extracellular glutathione and making its component amino
acids available to the cells. Conditions that increase
serum GGT, such as obstructive liver disease, high alcohol
consumption, and use of enzyme-inducing drugs, lead to
increased free radical production and the threat of
glutathione depletion. However, the products of the GGT
reaction may themselves lead to increased free radical
production, particularly in the presence of iron. There
have also been important advances in the definition of the
associations between serum GGT and risk of coronary heart
disease, Type 2 diabetes, and stroke. People with high
serum GGT have higher mortality, partly because of the
association between GGT and other risk factors and partly
because GGT is an independent predictor of risk. This
review aims to summarize the knowledge about GGT's clinical
applications, to present information on its physiological
roles, consider the results of epidemiological studies, and
assess how far these separate areas can be combined into an
integrated view.
Publication Types: Review Review, Academic
PMID: 11563810 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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<<snip>> dietary heme iron, but not saturated fat, was
associated with GGT <<snip>>
Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Apr;79(4):600-5. Links
Association between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and
dietary factors: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in
Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.
Lee DH, Steffen LM, Jacobs DR Jr.
Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (D-HL, LMS, and DRJ).
BACKGROUND: Diet may be involved in the strong dose-response
relation of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) concentration
with incident diabetes. OBJECTIVE: We examined dietary
correlates of serum GGT activity. DESIGN: Study subjects
were 3146 black and white men and women aged 17-35 y in 1985-
1986. A diet history was taken at years 0 and 7. Food items
were classified into alcohol; breaded, battered, or canned
vegetables; fruit; fruit juice; refined grain; whole grain;
dairy; legumes; meat; poultry; fish; fresh or frozen
vegetables; nuts; and coffee. RESULTS: After adjustment for
nondietary factors and other food groups, GGT was positively
associated with alcohol consumption and meat intake.
Geometric means of year 10 GGT across categories of alcohol
consumption (0, 1-9, 10-19, 20-29, and >/==" BORDER="0"> 30
g/d) were 17.7,
18.8, 20.4, 21.8, and 24.8 U/L (P for trend < 0.01);
corresponding means across quintiles of meat intake were
19.2, 20.2, 20.5, 21.8, and 21.2 times/wk (P for trend <
0.01). GGT was inversely associated with fruit intake.
Among possible meat constituents, dietary heme iron, but
not saturated fat, was associated with GGT. Dietary
constituents typical of plant foods showed an inverse
association. In contrast, vitamin supplements were
positively associated with GGT. CONCLUSIONS: Serum GGT
activity increased in a dose-response manner as alcohol
and meat consumption increased and fruit consumption
decreased. Heme iron contained in meats and
micronutrients contained in fruits may influence GGT
metabolism. However, micronutrients taken as supplements
had a positive association with GGT.
PMID: 15051603 [PubMed - in process]
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