It seems the research and the researchers continue to offer further
information showing it is the shrinking of the habitat, not the recreational
use within these areas, that is the root cause of detrimental effects on
wildlife. Human civilization, housing and urban sprawl, continue to whittle
away at natural areas. This not only forces wildlife onto a smaller
footprint of space to feed and live, it decreases the variety in genetic
possibilities for many of the species. In regards to recreation, it also
forces humanity into a "Catch 22" scenario of protection for the wildlife
and access for human recreation in natural areas for their own health and
"peace of mind" benefits. While some continue to cling to ideas that some
forms of recreation are "better" than others or that some forms of
recreation be restricted or banned, it proves to be counter-productive.
These arguments focus on human access into an ever decreasing footprint
which causes friction between "user groups" that would be better served to
maintain a cooperative effort to slow or halt the sprawl that decreases
available space in the first place.
This is only a simple collection of reference from a single source as shown
below. However, it also represents conclusions drawn from outside sources
and discussions as well as a healthy dose of "common sense".
A recent Symposium (Society for Conservation Biology, 20th Annual Meeting,
June 2006) offered many discussions showing that the decreased space, or
systematic carving of available space, is at the root of the issue. The
website (http://www.conbio.org/2006/) posts the abstracts for these
presentations which in no way offer complete figures but do offer enough
information to form a foundation for the conclusions. For instance, "SPACE
UTILIZATION PATTERNS OF BOBCATS (LYNX RUFUS) IN THE SANTA ANA MOUNTAINS IN
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA" focused on an area in Orange County, CA. which was
split by a large highway. One area of 13,000 ha and another area of 3,000 ha
was created by this road. The study focused on bobcat movement. The
conclusions indicate it is the proximity to the highway and urban edge, plus
the smaller range size of the 3,000 ha section, that caused a drop in bobcat
activity:
"The two portions of the reserve differed somewhat in habitat composition,
and human recreational use was significantly higher in the smaller section
where camera traps detected 9 humans per 100 trap nights vs. 1 person per
100 trap nights in the larger area. While bobcat home range sizes may
reflect these differences, restricted bobcat ranges in the smaller portion
may simply reflect the reduced patch size created by urban edges and the
highway."
Another presentation, "A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
ON FOUR FEDERAL LAND SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES", shows that "biodiversity
conservation" offers a greater result of wildlife preservation in many ways.
First, it is the primary goal of national wildlife refuges so the larger
focus of effort is on biodiversity and preservation. This is important to
realize as these areas have a large area footprint but are still finite in
their borders. In regards to recreational use, this is also a concern as
other areas continue to be threatened by human growth which in turn squeezes
available space outside of these refuges. The refuges then become even more
a concern as the habitat "buffers" around them are decreased. This study
recognizes four segments of the government land system. These are the
National Wildlife Refuge System, the National Forest System, the National
Park System, and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) lands. Each have specific
goals, guidelines and budgets. However, it is the "Refuge System that
represents the broadest range of ecosystems in the United States and
protects the greatest number of threatened and endangered species." The
other areas of management allow for any number of activities from recreation
to resource extraction but all do have a charter of biodiversity to an
extent. In comparison, the spread of civilization into any habitat or
natural area decreases the available space for wildlife which in turn must
result in more pressure laid upon the National Wildlife Refuge system. While
not the stated purpose of this study, it gives further indication that the
spread of human construction is the central component of decreased natural
area and increased friction between wildlife and human presence. A study
upon habitat fragmentation and the effects of it, "MULTI-TAXA ASSESSMENT OF
THE GENETIC IMPACTS OF FRAGMENTATION AND URBANIZATION IN SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA: LIZARDS (SCELOPORUS OCCIDENTALIS, UTA STANSBURIANA)", gave clear
result that the splintering of habitat, not the recreation allowed within
any given area, was the culprit of a decrease in genetic diversity.
Beyond any of the results or conclusions referenced above concerning
wildlife, available area and recreation within those areas, another trend
highlights a specific need for more people involved in a wide variety of
outdoor activities to be even more concerned with cooperative efforts of
preservation. In the paper, "IS LOVE OF NATURE IN THE US BECOMING LOVE OF
ELECTRONIC MEDIA? 16-YEAR DOWNTREND IN NATIONAL PARK VISITS EXPLAINED BY
WATCHING MOVIES, PLAYING VIDEO GAMES", the conclusions are alarming. Visits
to National Parks show a decline for the first time in decades in
correlation with the rise in popularity of electronic media. Video games,
computers, home entertainment, etc. Fuel prices were also indicated. With a
decreased visitation also follows a decrease in awareness and concern. How
valuable is "green space" to the economic machine if it is not being
utilized for recreation or set aside by an agency as "protected"? In a
country that values "property", it is even more essential that all persons
concerned with natural areas be aware of the threats of sprawl and make
cooperative efforts with any person or group that sees a benefit of these
areas beyond another rooftop.
It is only an opinion, but I believe a valid one. The efforts to protect
wildlife, habitat and human recreation are woven together. While some may
consider wildlife and habitat to be a concern paramount in their discussion,
these persons often alienate a large voice that would otherwise be in league
with their efforts. Some of these discussions of preservation often discard
recreation as non-essential to the goals they pursue. This continues to
prove to be myopic and counter-productive. As the footprint of habitat is
decreased, the stress on wildlife is only increased. That is a "given".
However, the allowance of diversity in recreation in many of these areas
creates an economic foundation for preservation as well as an interested and
diverse human voice to speak for it.
S Curtiss