Volcano trail did you know about this...?

an outbreak of ash?
dust needs air to trail on impound of every step. with the wind it can
travel not as far as smoke. because it is lighter in mass weight. as
all mass is (v-t) by impound.it would rise in a (v-t) velocity
trajectory of the impound received. once by the wind if it reach the
atmosphere it would fall being carried to by such winds.
in the cloudburst fall back to earth. because dust as smoke needs air to
form dust clouds. the atmosphere would not hold such ash or smoke.

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Mountain Belts, Spreading Ridges, Subduction Zones  and the
Expanding Earth    (... in a Nutshell...)

Note:- This figure relates to the Pacific and the relationship that
exists there between the global mountain belt, the subduction zone, and
the spreading ridge.  The Atlantic spreading ridge has neither
mountain belt nor subduction zone associated with it and is seen
differently.  This is about the Pacific.

Fig.1. Section through the Pacific - mountain belts, spreading ridges
and subduction zones. (a) Relic arch of Pangaea on the curvature of the
present-day Earth; the arch fails under the force of gravity and spreads
outwards by brittle failure and ductile flow, thinning the crust in the
middle and thickening it towards the periphery (one element only of
conjugate faulting only shown for simplicity). (b, c)  Accent on
ductile flow and brittle failure shows thickened periphery and listric
collapse as the arch spreads outwards; the high plateau is a stretched
basinal structure (e.g., Tarim Basin, Basin-and-Range) which sits on
folds and thrust structures. (d) Mature phase: mountain belt eroded to
its roots; subduction zone is thick dashed line; black triangles are
bottom-up splits in the mantle.

'Mountain belt' is what remains of the elevated region ('arch' = relic
curvature of Pangaean oblateness) after collapse and spreading.
'Subduction zone' is the zone of decollement between the upper and lower
mantle as the collapse occurs (also known as the transition zone  and
the asthenosphere).   'Spreading ridge' is the rupture of the lower
mantle due to the combined effects of stretching as the stem of the
lithospheric diapir lifts the flank and the roof collapses around the
periphery, where both locations are effectively coincident and bottom-up
stretching and failure is accellerated by the weight from above.  Both
locations (flank and periphery) are effectively the same.   The
spreading ridge is initiated on a circular fracture central to the
Earths ambital split.  The convergent parallelism between the
spreading ridge and the mountain belt into the Southern and Indian
Oceans shows the dynamics of both are combined.
The mountain belt retains the essential characteristics of 'flatness'
but is soled on dislocations.  The associated elements of crumpling
and thrusting are spectacular when viewed at the local field scale, and
have been given greatly exaggerated importance compared to the regional
extents of the plateaus that dominate them.  This myopia/ hubristic
limition of perception has led to a misinterpretation and inversion of
perceived scale of cause-and-effect.  The crumpling of the crust is
not due to collision, but to the gravitational collapse and
stabilisation of the edifice which overlies it, and which itself is not
'uplifted' in any dynamic sense, but is simply the residual profile of
Pangaean curvature on an expanding Earth.  The distribution as a
circumglobal mountain belt reflects the greater oblateness in general of
the Pangaean Earth.   The special elevation in the Himalayan region,
famous as "the Roof of the World" reflects the focus of movement of the
mantle outwards from the centre on the ecliptic.  These two effects
combine to give the distribution we see at the present day.
The so-called 'subduction zone' is the sole of listric lithospheric
detachments underlying the circumglobal mountain belt, activated as the
equatorial zone of Pangaean elevation stabilises.  That's why it's
where it is, and can be nowhere else.  Like the mountain belt it is
inherently a product of spin, and has its greatest effect at the
interface between the 'grey' and the 'pink' in Fig.1b here, ..
continuing around the circular element shown in 1c (same figure) to give
the Java Trench, and similar incipient structures reflected in the
gravity in the Mediterranean region.
Spreading ridges occur when the mantle is fractured.   In the
Pacific the spreading ridge underlies both the mountain belt and the
zone of detachment.  It is initiated on a small circle, but once the
rupture is made it balloons to become  a great circle and the focus of
global growth.  The 'ridge', which is initially a zone of
depth-rupturing of the mantle moves out from under - away from its
initial focus of inception - towards the Earth's surface where it
becomes mantle-crust.  This is the LIPS phase. a time in the Earth's
history of probably unimaginable volcanic activity by present-day
standards,  when ash-laden skies reduced vegetation (food) and tidal
waves swamped the planet ensuring the 'Death of the Dinosaurs' beaching
their carcasses in rapid-burial graveyards ('bone beds'😉.   Once the
pressure is off and the rupture is migrated to crustal level the
equilibrium surface of the ocean floor reflects the pressure of
outgrowth of the mantle.  Out-from-under migration closes bottom-up
failure (surface convex down).  However once above the 'no-stress
curvature',  lifting pressure opens it again (curvature convex up), 
incrementally decreasing curvature (increasing radius) tends to close
it.  Ridge height is a 'wannabe' surface, i.e., where it would like to
be according to mantle pressure from within.  So here we have a
situation where top-down failure and opening (due to pressure from
within) is delicately balanced by a tendency to closure (due to
incremental collapse).  The interface between opening and closing is
one of balance between brittle failure and ductility at probable rates
of stress release.   Pressure that does build up is released in
whatever bottom-up dilating structures there may be.  Within the areal
connectedness of the ridge extents these are transform faults.
All three structural elements (mountain belts, 'subduction zones',
spreading ridges) have a circular profile at the Earth's surface.  And
all three elements occur as separate depth expressions of the same
deformation, which is a gross enlargement of the Earth's crust in the
Pacific region.  They are simultaneous vertical relatives, not
sequential lateral equivalents.  How can they be?  How can a
structure in the mantle have any effect laterally on the crust, when at
both its contacts (according to plate tectonics) the mantle is either
lifting it up (ridge) or falling down under gravity (subduction zones)
and 'in-between' so called 'movement' is just linking these rising and
falling zones by "spreading" ('spreading', like 'growth' is not
movement)?      (Dopey Platies;  they can't even get the
crust and the mantle in the right position. "Laterally equivalent
dynamics", indeed.  How? .... when even by their own measure gravity
sees to it that the crust and the mantle operate in vertically different
regimes?)

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Spreading Ridge traces as Small and Great Circles
                 (...a distinction not
recognised in Plate Tectonics...)

Abstract:-  Spreading ridges occur as two distinct types.  An
earlier one (Red - Indian - Southern Seas/Oceans) traces an essentially
small circle shape in the mantle, is associated with so-called 'mountain
building' and  'subduction', and is related to near-flat
dislocations.  A later one (the Atlantic - SW Indian Ocean) traces an
essentially modified longitudinal, near-vertical great circle 
dislocation with no mountain building and no subduction.   The
distinction between near-flat and near-vertical dislocations is
reflected in the tectonics: Pacific emplacement is initiated as a zone
of ductile thinning peripheral to bottom up, forcefully domed mantle
extrusion with outwards gravitational collapse of the diapir
('subduction'😉 dissipating as lower mantle extrusion (ridge-spreading)
develops, whilst Atlantic emplacement is simply passive, upwelling
gap-filling related to top-down, linear crustal failure. Plate Tectonics
does not recognise the small circle history reflected in the
architecture of Pacific spreading, and is therefore blind to the
significance of implied flat dislocations.

(Flat)

(Near-vertical)

Fig. 1 Spreading ridge breakthrough in the Pacific and the Atlantic. 
(a) Pacific; lower mantle configured as a small circle (dashed red line;
gaps signify transform faults; crustal elevation and diapiric upper
mantle breakthrough = yellow button; 'subduction zone' = white; note
that dynamically speaking, the subduction zone belongs to the crust, not
the mantle).   (b)  Atlantic, configured as a great circle (yellow
dashed line; gaps are transforms), opens from the North to almost the
South Pole to expose upper mantle (yellow); although ridge segments are
offset considerably they show comparatively little angular rotation
compared to the Pacific. (No subduction zones, no mountain belts.)

The Pacific ridge today is, of course, not a small circle.  It
encircles half the globe.  But according to retrofits on transform
faults its initial breakthrough position relative to the present day
size of the Earth is, and it's this difference between what it is now,
and what it used to be, that is schematically represented in Fig.1a - a
small circle whose inital ridge-fracture position closely parallels the
Celebes - Indonesian arc, which has seismic tomographic expression to a
depth of not less than 700km.  However the closest the ridge can be
fitted to actual continental rupture is the Red Sea - India - Australia
coastlines, i.e., a continental break some distance away from the
apparent focus of diapiric mantle breakthrough, and one which includes
the Wharton Basin mantle substrate separation of India from Australia
(1,..2), and the scissoring open of the Himalayan - Western Pacific
margin (1, ..2).  That is, the small-circle breakthrough of the
Pacific (Indian - Southern Oceans) Ridge incorporated not just
continental crust, but already spread, upper mantle.  Similar
palimpsests in the Western Pacific suggest mantle spreading there also
pre-dated ridge breakthrough.  So, synoptically speaking, this 'small
circle' Pacific spreading ridge was once a zone of extension and
thinning peripheral to mantle rise that was centred initially on the
Himalayan region, was migrated laterally eastwards to Indonesia, and
then was dilated to give the Pacific we see today.   Or, perhaps
more accurately, the upper crust (including the Himalayas) decoupled
from the mantle and migrated westwards off the burgeoning rise of the
Pacific mantle diapir.
By comparison Atlantic emplacement is much simpler because it exposes a
vertical, not a 'flat' section . It extends longitudinally virtually
from pole to pole and is offset by transform faults which bear a much
closer symmetrical relationship to the Earth's present day rotation. 
Its westwards ride over the Pacific along its American front
('subduction zone'😉 supports general westwards crustal lag.

The difference:-
Small circle versus great circle = near-flat versus near-vertical
dislocations

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Re: Why are the 'Fixed Stars' so FIXED?

Group: sci.astro Date: Wed, Mar 28, 2007, 7:10am (EDT+4) From: HW@....
(Henri Wilson)
On Sun, 25 Mar 2007 23:34:03 +0100, "George Dishman"
<[email hidden]> wrote:
"Henri Wilson" <HW@....> wrote in message
George, when you can, have a look at
http://www.users.bigpond.com/hewn/ellip_circle.jpg
This shows how an elliptical orbit can produce a near perfect sine wave
under certain condition whilst the circular orbit produces nothing like
one for exactly the same parameter values.
Yaw angle is -90 (periastron closest to observer).
The white curve is an exact sinewave.
"When a true genius appears in the world, you may know him by this sign,
that the dunces are all in confederacy against him." --Jonathan Swift.

Re: Why are the 'Fixed Stars' so FIXED?

Group: sci.astro Date: Sun, Apr 1, 2007, 2:54pm (EDT+5) From:
[email hidden] (George Dishman)
"Leonard Kellogg" <[email hidden]> wrote in message
news:[email hidden]...
Henri Wilson wrote:
[grammatical errors corrected to improve readability]
Hold a circle (or an ellipse) in front of you at any angle. Rotate your
head until you find an axis in the plane of the circle that is
horizontal to the line between your eyes, and is also perpendicular to
the LOS. (one always exists) ALL the radial velocities and the
accelerations around the orbit are then multiplied by the same factor,
cos(pitch), where the pitch angle refers to the rotation around the
above axis.
Rotating one's head is irrelevant. The rotation that you describe (A
"roll" of either the head or the projected ellipse) simply puts the long
axis of the projected ellipse on the viewer's X axis. That is
convienient but has no effect on the process of multiplying radial
velocities and accelerations around the orbit by a factor of cos(pitch).
You said this previously and I do not understand why George did not
point out its irrelevancy at that time.
Do I understand your terminology correctly as saying that the "pitch" of
an orbit is zero when seen edge-on and 90 degrees when seen face-on?
If so, your term "pitch" means the same as "inclination", which is the
term everyone else uses in astronomy. Though it is often measured as
angular deviation from face-on rather than from edge-on. That is how it
is used in arXiv astro-ph/0507420.pdf (Table 1, "Orbital inclination,
i"😉

To double-check that we are talking about the same thing, see the
illustration of "yaw", "pitch", and "roll" near the top of this page:
Leonard, I think Henry has just swapped some definitions for
convenience. His cos(pitch) is the same as the usual sin(inclination).
I'm less clear about his yaw but I'm fairly sure it is directly related
to the longitude of the ascending node.
George

fine:
weakest link. amc movie or indian taxes service.
amc navy base there.

it is so you. looks of that movie it was probe your last erupting other
then the 1969 one.

the clouds look the same here around 90° west of you.
ships at port looks to be to your north south ridges.astern to africa.
3 weeks at 100 per. screw you africa.
burn .

a bigger fish?
well look on the bright side. or sunny side of life.

now your local fish well have a new boat for a home, once the 2 french
our found.
harmoonica blast.

waaaaaaaaaaaaaaaahhhhhhhhhhhh
aaahhhhh waaaahhhhhhhhhhhhhh

top 2 notes of corse.

man I left africa a long time ago
correction bow not strn/