Hmmm... spent far too much money on my road bike, but I like tinkering with it.
It would depend on what you want to improve.
Performance? Cadence/HRM computer would be my first choice. When you can see the improvement, you tend to push even harder. After that, an aero wheelset. Not cheap, but I noticed a difference. Light tires make a difference, but they flat and cut easier.
Comfort? First, a decent riding kit - jersey, shorts, gloves, sunglasses. Made a huge difference, not being soaked in sweat, and wraparound sunglasses that keep the sun from hitting your eyes from the side. Then, clipless pedals if you don't already have them. Takes some getting used to, but worth the effort. Then, a proper saddle. Took me four tries before I found the best one for me.