Ben C said:Quoted message said:Bill Sornson said:[email hidden] wrote:
> On Jul 8, 2:55 pm, "Bill Sornson" <[email hidden]> wrote:
Quoted message said:Quoted message said:>> Hit a table with a hammer. Now put a pad down and hit the pad with
>> the same /force/ as before. Force remains constant; /impact/ on the
>> table's surface is reduced.
Quoted message said:Quoted message said:> No, force does NOT remain constant.
Quoted message said:Quoted message said:You guys are pathetic. You're so emotionally invested in this lid bizthat
you won't even admit that padding reduces the impact of, for example, a
hammer on a table top. (Or a golf robot swing thing hitting a bare golf
ball and then one with a little fuzzy sweater on it.)
Quoted message said:Quoted message said:Frank IS right about one thing, at least. These helmet threads do not
belong in wreck tech. It's not a technical subject. (In fact it's
literally subjective.)
Quoted message said:Actually, discussion on whether helmets reduce "force" or "impact" ARE
technical. Those terms have precise meanings, and they can be used
correctly or wrongly.
What's the technical meaning of "impact"?
Dear Ben,
Technically, impact is the impulse of force. Even your fussiest carbon-
based life-forms tend to use the shorter phrase, even when being as
technical as possible:
"The product of average force and the time it is exerted is called the
impulse of force. . . . The main utility of the concept is in the
study of the average impact force during collisions. For collisions,
the mass and change in velocity are often readily measured, but the
force during the collision is not. If the time of collision can be
measured, then the average force of impact can be calculated."
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/impulse.html#c3
Browse down that page for an example of a duck (not wearing a helmet)
hitting a jet head on.
The detailed calculator requires the grisly detail of the length of
the duck because the part that goes over the fence last strikes the
600 mph jet slightly later than the beak.
There's even another calculator for glancing rather than head-on
impacts.
(But there's nothing about rotational effect, since the duck is
expected to go splat! in a fashion quite different from a typical bike
crash.)
The assumption is that, since the jet is so massive and the duck's
speed so trivial, we can make a reasonable estimate of impact using
only the jet speed and the duck's mass and length.
Alas, for helmets containing heads, such assumptions don't work well.
While the pavement doesn't dent noticeably and can be ignored, we
can't use the length of the head and helmet, since few bicycle crashes
spread the rider's brains as thinly as impromptu duck paté à la
jetliner. There's also that pesky rotational business, which more and
more medical studies suggest causes many bicycling brain injuries.
For the curious, here's a link to one helmet test, with heights,
weights, and what the head forms actually hit:
http://www.smf.org/standards/b/b90astd.html
http://www.smf.org/standards/pdf/b95rev.pdf
Note that such drop tests ignore the rotational problem--the severed
fake head in a helmet is simply dropped straight down onto various
anvil forms. Since few bicycle crashes involve a lack of forward
motion, this has been criticized as well-meant, but unrealistic.
But in case anyone wants to compare the impulse of force of ducks
hitting jets to severed heads dropping straight down, this calculator
will give free-fall speeds from tiny heights:
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/traj.html
Cheers,
Carl Fogel